ci(android): replace cargo-apk with cargo-ndk + manual APK assembly

cargo-apk 0.10 and its fork cargo-apk2 both failed to discover the
installed Android platform in this Gitea runner, despite ANDROID_HOME,
platforms;android-34, build-tools, and NDK all being present, readable,
and pointed at correctly. We never isolated whether the bug is in the
shared ndk-build crate's discovery logic or in the runner's env-var
propagation through cargo subcommand exec, so this commit stops fighting
either tool and assembles the APK from explicit toolchain steps instead:

  cargo ndk          -> per-ABI .so files
  aapt2 compile/link -> manifest + resources -> base APK
  zip                -> bundle native libs into lib/<abi>/
  zipalign           -> 4-byte alignment
  apksigner          -> v2/v3 signing (debug keystore for CI, real for release)

The pipeline lives in scripts/build_android_apk.sh so it's reproducible
locally (same env vars, same commands). AndroidManifest.xml is now
checked in under solitaire_app/android/ and mirrors what cargo-apk would
have generated from [package.metadata.android] — keep them in sync if
either is changed. Local `cargo apk build` still works on developer
machines where cargo-apk is happy; CI just stops depending on it.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.gitea/workflows/android-build.yml

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ env:
   ANDROID_SDK: /opt/android-sdk
   NDK_VERSION: "25.2.9519653"
   BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION: "34.0.0"
+  PLATFORM: "android-34"
 
 jobs:
   build-apk:
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install system dependencies
         run: |
           sudo apt-get update -y
-          sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-17-jdk-headless unzip
+          sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-17-jdk-headless unzip zip
 
       # ── Android SDK (shared cache key with release workflow) ──────────
       - name: Cache Android SDK
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager \
             --sdk_root=${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }} \
             "build-tools;${{ env.BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION }}" \
-            "platforms;android-34" \
+            "platforms;${{ env.PLATFORM }}" \
             "ndk;${{ env.NDK_VERSION }}"
 
       # ── Rust toolchain ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -84,15 +85,12 @@ jobs:
           key: cargo-registry-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
           restore-keys: cargo-registry-
 
-      # cargo-apk2 is the maintained fork of cargo-apk; reads the same
+      - name: Cache cargo-ndk binary
-      # `[package.metadata.android]` block. Cache key prefix `apk2-`
-      # so we don't restore an old cargo-apk binary from the previous key.
-      - name: Cache cargo-apk2 binary
         uses: actions/cache@v4
-        id: apk-tool-cache
+        id: ndk-tool-cache
         with:
-          path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-apk2
+          path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-ndk
-          key: apk2-${{ runner.os }}-stable
+          key: cargo-ndk-${{ runner.os }}-stable
 
       - name: Cache build artifacts
         uses: actions/cache@v4
@@ -101,16 +99,19 @@ jobs:
           key: android-target-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}-${{ github.sha }}
           restore-keys: android-target-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}-
 
-      # ── Build ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+      - name: Install cargo-ndk
-      - name: Install cargo-apk2
+        if: steps.ndk-tool-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        if: steps.apk-tool-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo install cargo-ndk --locked
-        run: cargo install cargo-apk2 --locked
 
+      # ── Build APK ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       - name: Build debug APK
-        run: |
+        env:
-          export ANDROID_HOME=${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}
+          ANDROID_HOME: ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}
-          export ANDROID_NDK_HOME=${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/ndk/${{ env.NDK_VERSION }}
+          ANDROID_NDK_HOME: ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/ndk/${{ env.NDK_VERSION }}
-          cargo apk2 build --package solitaire_app --lib
+          BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION: ${{ env.BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION }}
+          PLATFORM: ${{ env.PLATFORM }}
+          PROFILE: debug
+        run: ./scripts/build_android_apk.sh
 
       # ── Artifact ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       - name: Upload APK

.gitea/workflows/android-release.yml

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ env:
   ANDROID_SDK: /opt/android-sdk
   NDK_VERSION: "25.2.9519653"
   BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION: "34.0.0"
+  PLATFORM: "android-34"
   GITEA_API: https://git.aleshym.co/api/v1
   REPO: funman300/Rusty_Solitare
 
@@ -24,9 +25,13 @@ jobs:
         id: meta
         run: echo "tag=${GITHUB_REF_NAME}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
-      # ── Android SDK + NDK ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+      # ── System dependencies ────────────────────────────────────────────
-      # Shared cache key with the debug workflow so a warm debug run
+      - name: Install system dependencies
-      # saves the ~2 GB SDK download for the release run too.
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-17-jdk-headless unzip zip jq
+
+      # ── Android SDK (shared cache key with debug workflow) ─────────────
       - name: Cache Android SDK
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         id: sdk-cache
@@ -34,12 +39,6 @@ jobs:
           path: ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}
           key: v2-android-sdk-ndk${{ env.NDK_VERSION }}-bt${{ env.BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION }}
 
-      # Java and jq are always needed (apksigner requires Java even on cache hits).
-      - name: Install system dependencies
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get update -y
-          sudo apt-get install -y openjdk-17-jdk-headless unzip jq
-
       - name: Install Android SDK + NDK
         if: steps.sdk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: |
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
           sudo ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager \
             --sdk_root=${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }} \
             "build-tools;${{ env.BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION }}" \
-            "platforms;android-34" \
+            "platforms;${{ env.PLATFORM }}" \
             "ndk;${{ env.NDK_VERSION }}"
 
       # ── Rust toolchain ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -82,12 +81,12 @@ jobs:
           key: cargo-registry-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
           restore-keys: cargo-registry-
 
-      - name: Cache cargo-apk2 binary
+      - name: Cache cargo-ndk binary
         uses: actions/cache@v4
-        id: apk-tool-cache
+        id: ndk-tool-cache
         with:
-          path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-apk2
+          path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-ndk
-          key: apk2-${{ runner.os }}-stable
+          key: cargo-ndk-${{ runner.os }}-stable
 
       - name: Cache build artifacts
         uses: actions/cache@v4
@@ -96,51 +95,33 @@ jobs:
           key: android-release-target-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}-${{ github.sha }}
           restore-keys: android-release-target-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}-
 
-      # ── Build ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+      - name: Install cargo-ndk
-      - name: Install cargo-apk2
+        if: steps.ndk-tool-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        if: steps.apk-tool-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo install cargo-ndk --locked
-        run: cargo install cargo-apk2 --locked
 
-      - name: Build release APK
+      # ── Build & sign with release keystore ─────────────────────────────
-        run: |
-          export ANDROID_HOME=${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}
-          export ANDROID_NDK_HOME=${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/ndk/${{ env.NDK_VERSION }}
-          cargo apk2 build --release --package solitaire_app --lib
-
-      # ── Sign ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       - name: Decode keystore
         run: echo "${{ secrets.KEYSTORE_BASE64 }}" | base64 -d > /tmp/solitaire-release.jks
 
-      - name: Align and sign APK
+      - name: Build signed release APK
-        run: |
+        env:
-          TAG="${{ steps.meta.outputs.tag }}"
+          ANDROID_HOME: ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}
-          UNSIGNED="target/release/apk/solitaire-quest.apk"
+          ANDROID_NDK_HOME: ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/ndk/${{ env.NDK_VERSION }}
-          ALIGNED="/tmp/solitaire-quest-aligned.apk"
+          BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION: ${{ env.BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION }}
-          SIGNED="ferrous-solitaire-${TAG}.apk"
+          PLATFORM: ${{ env.PLATFORM }}
+          PROFILE: release
+          KEYSTORE: /tmp/solitaire-release.jks
+          KEYSTORE_PASS: ${{ secrets.KEYSTORE_PASS }}
+          KEY_ALIAS: ${{ secrets.KEY_ALIAS }}
+          KEY_PASS: ${{ secrets.KEY_PASS }}
+          APK_OUT: ferrous-solitaire-${{ steps.meta.outputs.tag }}.apk
+        run: ./scripts/build_android_apk.sh
 
-          ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/build-tools/${{ env.BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION }}/zipalign -v 4 \
+      # ── Publish to Gitea release ───────────────────────────────────────
-            "$UNSIGNED" "$ALIGNED"
-
-          ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/build-tools/${{ env.BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION }}/apksigner sign \
-            --ks /tmp/solitaire-release.jks \
-            --ks-pass "pass:${{ secrets.KEYSTORE_PASS }}" \
-            --ks-key-alias "${{ secrets.KEY_ALIAS }}" \
-            --key-pass "pass:${{ secrets.KEY_PASS }}" \
-            --out "$SIGNED" \
-            "$ALIGNED"
-
-      - name: Verify APK signature
-        run: |
-          TAG="${{ steps.meta.outputs.tag }}"
-          ${{ env.ANDROID_SDK }}/build-tools/${{ env.BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION }}/apksigner verify \
-            --verbose "ferrous-solitaire-${TAG}.apk"
-
-      # ── Publish ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       - name: Create Gitea release
         id: release
         run: |
           TAG="${{ steps.meta.outputs.tag }}"
-          # Try to create; fall back to fetching the existing release on 409.
           RESPONSE=$(curl -s -o /tmp/release.json -w "%{http_code}" \
             -X POST "$GITEA_API/repos/$REPO/releases" \
             -H "Authorization: token ${{ secrets.CI_TOKEN }}" \

scripts/build_android_apk.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Build a self-signed Android APK from solitaire_app's cdylib targets.
+#
+# Replaces the cargo-apk pipeline with explicit cargo-ndk + aapt2 + apksigner
+# steps. The CI runner was hitting an SDK-discovery bug inside cargo-apk's
+# ndk-build crate that we couldn't isolate; running each Android toolchain
+# step explicitly gives us a debuggable pipeline.
+#
+# Required environment:
+#   ANDROID_HOME            Path to Android SDK root
+#   ANDROID_NDK_HOME        Path to the specific NDK version
+#   BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION     e.g. "34.0.0"
+#   PLATFORM                e.g. "android-34"
+#
+# Optional environment:
+#   PROFILE                 "debug" (default) | "release"
+#   APK_OUT                 Output APK path (default: target/$PROFILE/apk/solitaire-quest.apk)
+#   KEYSTORE                Path to keystore for signing (default: generates a debug keystore)
+#   KEYSTORE_PASS           Keystore password (default: "android" for the generated debug keystore)
+#   KEY_ALIAS               Key alias (default: "androiddebugkey")
+#   KEY_PASS                Key password (default: same as KEYSTORE_PASS)
+#
+# Outputs:
+#   $APK_OUT                Signed, zipaligned APK
+set -euo pipefail
+
+: "${ANDROID_HOME:?ANDROID_HOME must be set}"
+: "${ANDROID_NDK_HOME:?ANDROID_NDK_HOME must be set}"
+: "${BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION:?BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION must be set}"
+: "${PLATFORM:?PLATFORM must be set (e.g. android-34)}"
+
+PROFILE="${PROFILE:-debug}"
+APK_OUT="${APK_OUT:-target/${PROFILE}/apk/solitaire-quest.apk}"
+
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)"
+cd "$REPO_ROOT"
+
+BT="$ANDROID_HOME/build-tools/$BUILD_TOOLS_VERSION"
+PLATFORM_JAR="$ANDROID_HOME/platforms/$PLATFORM/android.jar"
+MANIFEST="solitaire_app/android/AndroidManifest.xml"
+RES_DIR="solitaire_app/res"
+ASSETS_DIR="assets"
+
+# --- sanity ----------------------------------------------------------------
+for f in "$BT/aapt2" "$BT/zipalign" "$BT/apksigner" "$PLATFORM_JAR" "$MANIFEST"; do
+  [ -e "$f" ] || { echo "missing: $f"; exit 1; }
+done
+
+STAGING="$(mktemp -d)"
+trap 'rm -rf "$STAGING"' EXIT
+mkdir -p "$STAGING/lib" "$STAGING/compiled-res"
+
+# --- 1. native libraries via cargo-ndk -------------------------------------
+# `-o $STAGING/lib` lays out files as $STAGING/lib/<abi>/libsolitaire_app.so
+# which is the directory structure the APK expects under lib/.
+CARGO_NDK_ARGS=(
+  -t arm64-v8a
+  -t armeabi-v7a
+  -t x86_64
+  --platform 26
+  -o "$STAGING/lib"
+  build --package solitaire_app --lib
+)
+if [ "$PROFILE" = "release" ]; then
+  CARGO_NDK_ARGS+=( --release )
+fi
+echo ">>> cargo ndk ${CARGO_NDK_ARGS[*]}"
+cargo ndk "${CARGO_NDK_ARGS[@]}"
+
+# --- 2. compile + link resources and manifest ------------------------------
+if [ -d "$RES_DIR" ]; then
+  echo ">>> aapt2 compile resources"
+  "$BT/aapt2" compile --dir "$RES_DIR" -o "$STAGING/compiled-res"
+fi
+
+LINK_ARGS=(
+  link
+  -o "$STAGING/app-unsigned.apk"
+  -I "$PLATFORM_JAR"
+  --manifest "$MANIFEST"
+)
+[ -d "$ASSETS_DIR" ] && LINK_ARGS+=( -A "$ASSETS_DIR" )
+# Add compiled resources if any
+shopt -s nullglob
+RES_FLATS=( "$STAGING/compiled-res"/*.flat )
+shopt -u nullglob
+if [ ${#RES_FLATS[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
+  LINK_ARGS+=( "${RES_FLATS[@]}" )
+fi
+echo ">>> aapt2 link"
+"$BT/aapt2" "${LINK_ARGS[@]}"
+
+# --- 3. add native libraries to the APK ------------------------------------
+echo ">>> bundle native libraries"
+( cd "$STAGING" && zip -r -q app-unsigned.apk lib/ )
+
+# --- 4. zipalign -----------------------------------------------------------
+echo ">>> zipalign"
+"$BT/zipalign" -p -f 4 "$STAGING/app-unsigned.apk" "$STAGING/app-aligned.apk"
+
+# --- 5. sign ---------------------------------------------------------------
+if [ -z "${KEYSTORE:-}" ]; then
+  # Generate a deterministic debug keystore on the fly.
+  KEYSTORE="$STAGING/debug.keystore"
+  KEYSTORE_PASS="${KEYSTORE_PASS:-android}"
+  KEY_ALIAS="${KEY_ALIAS:-androiddebugkey}"
+  KEY_PASS="${KEY_PASS:-$KEYSTORE_PASS}"
+  echo ">>> generating debug keystore at $KEYSTORE"
+  keytool -genkeypair -v \
+    -keystore "$KEYSTORE" \
+    -storepass "$KEYSTORE_PASS" \
+    -alias "$KEY_ALIAS" \
+    -keypass "$KEY_PASS" \
+    -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 10000 \
+    -dname "CN=Android Debug,O=Android,C=US" > /dev/null
+fi
+
+KEYSTORE_PASS="${KEYSTORE_PASS:-android}"
+KEY_ALIAS="${KEY_ALIAS:-androiddebugkey}"
+KEY_PASS="${KEY_PASS:-$KEYSTORE_PASS}"
+
+mkdir -p "$(dirname "$APK_OUT")"
+echo ">>> apksigner sign -> $APK_OUT"
+"$BT/apksigner" sign \
+  --ks "$KEYSTORE" \
+  --ks-pass "pass:$KEYSTORE_PASS" \
+  --ks-key-alias "$KEY_ALIAS" \
+  --key-pass "pass:$KEY_PASS" \
+  --out "$APK_OUT" \
+  "$STAGING/app-aligned.apk"
+
+echo ">>> verify"
+"$BT/apksigner" verify --verbose "$APK_OUT"
+
+echo ">>> done: $APK_OUT"

solitaire_app/android/AndroidManifest.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+  Mirrors what cargo-apk would generate from [package.metadata.android]
+  in solitaire_app/Cargo.toml. Kept in-tree so the CI workflow can drive
+  aapt2 directly without going through cargo-apk's brittle SDK discovery.
+
+  Keep in sync with:
+    * Cargo.toml: package, min_sdk_version, target_sdk_version,
+      uses_feature, uses_permission, application label/icon,
+      activity orientation
+    * [lib].name (currently "solitaire_app") — matches the
+      `android.app.lib_name` meta-data value below, which is the
+      shared object name without the `lib` prefix or `.so` suffix.
+-->
+<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+    package="com.solitairequest.app"
+    android:versionCode="1"
+    android:versionName="1.0">
+
+    <uses-sdk
+        android:minSdkVersion="26"
+        android:targetSdkVersion="34" />
+
+    <uses-feature
+        android:name="android.hardware.touchscreen"
+        android:required="true" />
+
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
+
+    <application
+        android:label="Ferrous Solitaire"
+        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
+        android:hasCode="false">
+
+        <activity
+            android:name="android.app.NativeActivity"
+            android:exported="true"
+            android:screenOrientation="portrait"
+            android:configChanges="orientation|keyboardHidden|screenSize|keyboard|navigation|screenLayout">
+
+            <meta-data
+                android:name="android.app.lib_name"
+                android:value="solitaire_app" />
+
+            <intent-filter>
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
+                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
+            </intent-filter>
+        </activity>
+    </application>
+</manifest>