diff --git a/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/fx.rs b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/fx.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a525a40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/fx.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+//! HUD feedback effects: action-bar fades, score pulses and floaters,
+//! and streak flourishes.
+
+use super::*;
+
+
+
+/// Auto-fade state for the action button bar. The bar fades out when
+/// the cursor is in the play area (below the HUD band) and back in when
+/// the cursor approaches the top of the window — same UX as a video
+/// player's auto-hide controls. Buttons remain fully interactive when
+/// visible; when faded out they're geometrically out of cursor reach
+/// (hover requires the cursor to be on a button), so no extra
+/// pointer-events guard is needed.
+#[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct HudActionFade {
+    /// Currently displayed alpha. Lerped toward `target` each frame.
+    pub alpha: f32,
+    /// Where `alpha` is heading — 0.0 (faded out) or 1.0 (visible).
+    pub target: f32,
+}
+
+impl Default for HudActionFade {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        // Start visible so the player sees the controls on first launch
+        // before they've moved the cursor anywhere.
+        Self {
+            alpha: 1.0,
+            target: 1.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// How many pixels from the bottom edge the cursor must be to reveal the bar.
+/// Set slightly taller than `HUD_BAND_HEIGHT` so the bar fades in as the
+/// cursor approaches, not only when it crosses into the band itself.
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+const ACTION_FADE_REVEAL_PX: f32 = HUD_BAND_HEIGHT + 32.0;
+
+/// Lerp rate for fading (per second). 6.0 ≈ 167 ms for a full
+/// transition — fast enough to feel responsive without flashing on
+/// brief cursor wanders into the reveal zone.
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+const ACTION_FADE_RATE_PER_SEC: f32 = 6.0;
+
+/// Updates the fade state from cursor position. Sets `target = 1.0` if
+/// the cursor is in the reveal zone (bottom of window) or off-screen
+/// (player is using keyboard); `0.0` otherwise. Lerps `alpha` toward
+/// `target` at a fixed rate so the visual transition is smooth across
+/// variable framerates.
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+pub(super) fn update_action_fade(windows: Query<&Window>, time: Res<Time>, mut fade: ResMut<HudActionFade>) {
+    let Ok(window) = windows.single() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let height = window.resolution.height();
+    fade.target = match window.cursor_position() {
+        Some(pos) if pos.y >= height - ACTION_FADE_REVEAL_PX => 1.0,
+        Some(_) => 0.0,
+        // Off-window cursor: assume keyboard navigation and keep the
+        // bar visible so Tab cycling doesn't lead to invisible focus.
+        None => 1.0,
+    };
+
+    let dt = time.delta_secs();
+    let max_step = ACTION_FADE_RATE_PER_SEC * dt;
+    let diff = fade.target - fade.alpha;
+    fade.alpha = (fade.alpha + diff.clamp(-max_step, max_step)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+}
+
+/// Applies the current fade alpha to every action button's
+/// `BackgroundColor` and to its child label / hotkey-chip text. Runs in
+/// `Last` (after `paint_action_buttons`) so a hover-state change in the
+/// same frame doesn't override the fade with an opaque idle / hover
+/// colour.
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+pub(super) fn apply_action_fade(
+    fade: Res<HudActionFade>,
+    // Excludes `PopoverRow` so the auto-fade only applies to the
+    // top-level action bar buttons. Popover rows live inside an
+    // explicitly-opened dropdown panel and need to stay visible
+    // regardless of the bar's fade state — without the exclusion
+    // the rows fade to invisible while the popover container stays
+    // visible, leaving a solid background block with no readable
+    // content.
+    mut buttons: Query<
+        (&Children, &mut BackgroundColor),
+        (With<ActionButton>, Without<PopoverRow>),
+    >,
+    mut text_q: Query<&mut TextColor>,
+) {
+    for (children, mut bg) in &mut buttons {
+        let mut c = bg.0;
+        c.set_alpha(fade.alpha);
+        bg.0 = c;
+        for child in children.iter() {
+            if let Ok(mut tc) = text_q.get_mut(child) {
+                let mut cc = tc.0;
+                cc.set_alpha(fade.alpha);
+                tc.0 = cc;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Visual feedback for every action button — paints idle / hover / pressed
+/// states by mutating `BackgroundColor` whenever the interaction state
+/// changes. One query covers all action buttons via the shared
+/// `ActionButton` marker.
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+pub(super) fn paint_action_buttons(
+    mut buttons: Query<
+        (&Interaction, &mut BackgroundColor),
+        (With<ActionButton>, Changed<Interaction>),
+    >,
+) {
+    for (interaction, mut bg) in &mut buttons {
+        bg.0 = match interaction {
+            Interaction::Pressed => ACTION_BTN_PRESSED,
+            Interaction::Hovered => ACTION_BTN_HOVER,
+            Interaction::None => ACTION_BTN_IDLE,
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+/// Triangular 1.0 → 1.1 → 1.0 curve used by the score pulse. Pure
+/// function so the test suite can assert on the curve directly
+/// without spinning up a Bevy app.
+///
+/// The brief proposed `if t < 0.5 { 1.0 + 0.2*t } else { 1.2 - 0.2*(t-0.5) }`,
+/// but that yields a discontinuity at t=0.5 (jumps from 1.1 → 1.2) and
+/// ends at 1.1 instead of 1.0. The corrected form below preserves the
+/// intent ("1.0 → 1.1 → 1.0 over the duration") with a continuous
+/// triangle peaking at 1.1.
+pub(super) fn score_pulse_scale(t: f32) -> f32 {
+    let clamped = t.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    if clamped < 0.5 {
+        1.0 + 0.2 * clamped
+    } else {
+        1.1 - 0.2 * (clamped - 0.5)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Vertical pixels the floating "+N" drifts up over its lifetime.
+const FLOATER_DRIFT_PX: f32 = 40.0;
+
+/// Diffs the current `GameStateResource.score` against
+/// [`PreviousScore`]. On a positive delta:
+///
+/// - Inserts (or refreshes) a [`ScorePulse`] on every [`HudScore`] entity
+///   so the readout pulses 1.0 → 1.1 → 1.0.
+/// - When the delta is ≥ [`SCORE_FLOATER_THRESHOLD`], spawns a floating
+///   "+N" UI text in `ACCENT_PRIMARY` anchored just below the score
+///   readout (see the doc comment on [`ScoreFloater`] for why this is a
+///   UI Node rather than a `Text2d`).
+pub(super) fn detect_score_change(
+    game: Res<GameStateResource>,
+    settings: Option<Res<SettingsResource>>,
+    mut prev: ResMut<PreviousScore>,
+    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
+    score_q: Query<Entity, With<HudScore>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let current = game.0.score();
+    let delta = current - prev.0;
+    prev.0 = current;
+    if delta <= 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let reduce_motion = settings.as_deref().is_some_and(|s| s.0.reduce_motion_mode);
+    if reduce_motion {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let speed = settings
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|s| s.0.animation_speed)
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    let pulse_secs = scaled_duration(MOTION_SCORE_PULSE_SECS, speed);
+    let floater_secs = scaled_duration(MOTION_SCORE_PULSE_SECS * 2.0, speed);
+
+    // Refresh ScorePulse on every score readout entity (in practice
+    // there's exactly one, but iterating is cheaper than asserting).
+    for entity in &score_q {
+        commands.entity(entity).insert(ScorePulse {
+            elapsed: 0.0,
+            duration: pulse_secs,
+        });
+    }
+
+    if delta < SCORE_FLOATER_THRESHOLD {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let font = TextFont {
+        font: font_res.as_ref().map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
+        font_size: TYPE_BODY_LG,
+        ..default()
+    };
+    // Spawned as an absolutely-positioned UI Node so the floater rides
+    // the same screen-coordinate system as the score readout. Using a
+    // `Text2d` here would require translating UI layout coordinates to
+    // world space every frame; a UI node piggybacks on the same
+    // anchoring `update_hud` already uses for the score and stays
+    // testable under `MinimalPlugins`.
+    commands.spawn((
+        ScoreFloater {
+            elapsed: 0.0,
+            duration: floater_secs,
+        },
+        Node {
+            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+            // Anchored next to the HUD column; matches the
+            // `spawn_hud` left/top offsets so the floater appears
+            // overlaid on the score line and drifts up from there.
+            left: VAL_SPACE_3,
+            top: Val::Px(0.0),
+            ..default()
+        },
+        ZIndex(Z_HUD_TOP),
+        Text::new(format!("+{delta}")),
+        font,
+        TextColor(ACCENT_PRIMARY),
+    ));
+}
+
+/// Advances every [`ScorePulse`], scaling its entity's `Transform`
+/// using [`score_pulse_scale`]. Removes the component once
+/// `elapsed >= duration` (or immediately under
+/// [`AnimSpeed::Instant`](solitaire_data::AnimSpeed) where duration is
+/// 0) and pins the scale back to 1.0 so no float drift survives.
+pub(super) fn advance_score_pulse(
+    time: Res<Time>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+    mut q: Query<(Entity, &mut ScorePulse, &mut Transform)>,
+) {
+    let dt = time.delta_secs();
+    for (entity, mut pulse, mut transform) in &mut q {
+        let t = if pulse.duration <= 0.0 {
+            1.0
+        } else {
+            pulse.elapsed += dt;
+            (pulse.elapsed / pulse.duration).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+        };
+        let scale = score_pulse_scale(t);
+        transform.scale = Vec3::new(scale, scale, 1.0);
+        if t >= 1.0 {
+            transform.scale = Vec3::ONE;
+            commands.entity(entity).remove::<ScorePulse>();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Advances every [`ScoreFloater`]: drifts the node upward by up to
+/// [`FLOATER_DRIFT_PX`] and fades the text colour to transparent over
+/// its lifetime. Despawns the entity once `elapsed >= duration`.
+pub(super) fn advance_score_floater(
+    time: Res<Time>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+    mut nodes: Query<(Entity, &mut ScoreFloater, &mut Node, &mut TextColor)>,
+) {
+    let dt = time.delta_secs();
+    for (entity, mut floater, mut node, mut color) in &mut nodes {
+        let t = if floater.duration <= 0.0 {
+            1.0
+        } else {
+            floater.elapsed += dt;
+            (floater.elapsed / floater.duration).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+        };
+        // Drift upward: top decreases as t grows. Starting top=0 keeps
+        // the floater on the score line; ending at -FLOATER_DRIFT_PX
+        // pulls it up off the readout.
+        node.top = Val::Px(-FLOATER_DRIFT_PX * t);
+        // Linear fade: ACCENT_PRIMARY at t=0 → fully transparent at t=1.
+        let mut c = ACCENT_PRIMARY;
+        c.set_alpha(1.0 - t);
+        color.0 = c;
+        if t >= 1.0 {
+            commands.entity(entity).despawn();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Streak-milestone flourish
+//
+// Per the 2026-04-30 UX overhaul plan, the foundation flourish is the per-suit
+// completion celebration; the streak flourish is its lifetime equivalent —
+// when the player's `win_streak_current` crosses 3, 5, or 10, the HUD score
+// readout pulses larger than a normal score-change pulse and tints magenta
+// (`ACCENT_SECONDARY`) before snapping back to its resting state.
+//
+// Why the score readout: there is no always-on streak number on the HUD
+// today (the readout lives in the Stats overlay), and the score is the
+// most prominent always-visible HUD figure. The accompanying `InfoToastEvent`
+// fired by `stats_plugin` carries the explicit "Win streak: N!" text so a
+// player who isn't watching the score still sees the celebration land.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Pure helper for unit tests — returns the per-frame scale factor for
+/// the streak flourish at `elapsed_secs` over `duration_secs`.
+///
+/// Triangular curve, mirroring [`foundation_flourish_scale`](crate::feedback_anim_plugin::foundation_flourish_scale):
+/// at `t = 0.0` returns `1.0`, at `t = 0.5` returns
+/// [`STREAK_FLOURISH_PEAK_SCALE`], at `t = 1.0` returns `1.0`.
+/// Out-of-range values are clamped so the score readout never freezes
+/// at a non-1.0 scale on the frame after the flourish ends.
+///
+/// Returns `1.0` whenever `duration_secs <= 0.0` so callers running
+/// under `AnimSpeed::Instant` (zeroed durations) skip the flourish
+/// without dividing by zero.
+pub fn streak_flourish_scale(elapsed_secs: f32, duration_secs: f32) -> f32 {
+    if duration_secs <= 0.0 {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    let t = (elapsed_secs / duration_secs).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let peak = STREAK_FLOURISH_PEAK_SCALE;
+    if t < 0.5 {
+        // Climb from 1.0 at t=0 to peak at t=0.5.
+        1.0 + (peak - 1.0) * (t / 0.5)
+    } else {
+        // Descend from peak at t=0.5 back to 1.0 at t=1.0.
+        peak - (peak - 1.0) * ((t - 0.5) / 0.5)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Inserts a [`StreakFlourish`] on every [`HudScore`] entity when a
+/// [`WinStreakMilestoneEvent`] fires. Captures the readout's current
+/// `TextColor` so `advance_streak_flourish` can restore it when the
+/// timer expires; reuses any existing flourish's `original_color` so
+/// re-entering the system mid-flourish doesn't snapshot the magenta
+/// tint as the new "original".
+///
+/// Removes any concurrent [`ScorePulse`] from the same entity so the
+/// flourish takes over the scale slot cleanly — score pulses last
+/// 250 ms, the flourish 600 ms, and the streak crossing always
+/// coincides with a positive score delta, so the flourish is the
+/// louder of the two celebrations.
+pub(super) fn start_streak_flourish(
+    mut events: MessageReader<WinStreakMilestoneEvent>,
+    settings: Option<Res<SettingsResource>>,
+    score_q: Query<(Entity, &TextColor, Option<&StreakFlourish>), With<HudScore>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let Some(latest) = events.read().last() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    if settings.as_deref().is_some_and(|s| s.0.reduce_motion_mode) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let speed = settings
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|s| s.0.animation_speed)
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    let duration = scaled_duration(MOTION_STREAK_FLOURISH_SECS, speed);
+    for (entity, color, existing) in &score_q {
+        let original_color = existing.map_or(color.0, |f| f.original_color);
+        commands
+            .entity(entity)
+            .remove::<ScorePulse>()
+            .insert(StreakFlourish {
+                streak: latest.streak,
+                elapsed: 0.0,
+                duration,
+                original_color,
+            });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Advances every [`StreakFlourish`], scaling its entity's `Transform`
+/// using [`streak_flourish_scale`] and lerping the `TextColor` toward
+/// [`ACCENT_SECONDARY`] for the first half then back to the captured
+/// `original_color`. Removes the component once `elapsed >= duration`
+/// (or immediately under [`AnimSpeed::Instant`](solitaire_data::AnimSpeed)
+/// where duration is 0) and pins the scale back to 1.0 / restores the
+/// original colour so no half-state is ever shown.
+///
+/// Filtered with `Without<ScorePulse>` so the streak flourish never
+/// races a score pulse for the same `Transform.scale` slot —
+/// `start_streak_flourish` strips any concurrent `ScorePulse` from the
+/// score entity before this system runs, so the filter is purely a
+/// belt-and-braces invariant.
+pub(super) fn advance_streak_flourish(
+    time: Res<Time>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+    mut q: Query<
+        (Entity, &mut StreakFlourish, &mut Transform, &mut TextColor),
+        Without<ScorePulse>,
+    >,
+) {
+    let dt = time.delta_secs();
+    for (entity, mut anim, mut transform, mut color) in &mut q {
+        let t = if anim.duration <= 0.0 {
+            1.0
+        } else {
+            anim.elapsed += dt;
+            (anim.elapsed / anim.duration).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+        };
+        let scale = streak_flourish_scale(anim.elapsed, anim.duration);
+        transform.scale = Vec3::new(scale, scale, 1.0);
+        // Tint mix: full magenta at t=0..=0.5, fades back to the
+        // original colour over t=0.5..=1.0.
+        let mix = if t < 0.5 { 1.0 } else { 1.0 - (t - 0.5) / 0.5 };
+        color.0 = lerp_text_color(anim.original_color, ACCENT_SECONDARY, mix);
+        if t >= 1.0 {
+            transform.scale = Vec3::ONE;
+            color.0 = anim.original_color;
+            commands.entity(entity).remove::<StreakFlourish>();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// sRGB-space linear interpolation between two `Color`s — small local
+/// helper so `advance_streak_flourish` stays readable. sRGB-space
+/// lerping is fine for a brief decorative tint (a perceptually-uniform
+/// space would be overkill).
+pub(super) fn lerp_text_color(from: Color, to: Color, t: f32) -> Color {
+    let from = from.to_srgba();
+    let to = to.to_srgba();
+    let t = t.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    Color::srgba(
+        from.red + (to.red - from.red) * t,
+        from.green + (to.green - from.green) * t,
+        from.blue + (to.blue - from.blue) * t,
+        from.alpha + (to.alpha - from.alpha) * t,
+    )
+}
+
diff --git a/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/interaction.rs b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/interaction.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d375f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/interaction.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,616 @@
+//! HUD interaction: action-button handlers, Modes/Menu popovers, and
+//! the chrome tap-to-toggle gesture.
+
+use super::*;
+
+
+
+/// `Changed<Interaction>` filter ensures we only react on the frame the
+/// interaction state transitions, avoiding repeat events while the button
+/// is held down. Each click handler fires the corresponding request event,
+/// which `pause_plugin` / `help_plugin` / `game_plugin` consume alongside
+/// their existing keyboard handlers.
+pub(super) fn handle_new_game_button(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<NewGameButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    mut new_game: MessageWriter<NewGameRequestEvent>,
+) {
+    for interaction in &interaction_query {
+        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
+            new_game.write(NewGameRequestEvent::default());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn handle_undo_button(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<UndoButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    mut undo: MessageWriter<UndoRequestEvent>,
+) {
+    for interaction in &interaction_query {
+        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
+            undo.write(UndoRequestEvent);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn handle_pause_button(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<PauseButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    mut pause: MessageWriter<PauseRequestEvent>,
+) {
+    for interaction in &interaction_query {
+        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
+            pause.write(PauseRequestEvent);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn handle_help_button(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<HelpButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    mut help: MessageWriter<HelpRequestEvent>,
+) {
+    for interaction in &interaction_query {
+        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
+            help.write(HelpRequestEvent);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn handle_hint_button(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<HintButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    paused: Option<Res<PausedResource>>,
+    game: Option<Res<GameStateResource>>,
+    solver_config: Option<Res<crate::input_plugin::HintSolverConfig>>,
+    mut pending_hint: Option<ResMut<crate::pending_hint::PendingHintTask>>,
+    mut info_toast: MessageWriter<InfoToastEvent>,
+) {
+    for interaction in &interaction_query {
+        if *interaction != Interaction::Pressed {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if paused.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some(ref g) = game else { return };
+        if g.0.is_won() {
+            info_toast.write(InfoToastEvent(HINT_WON_MSG.to_string()));
+            return;
+        }
+        if let (Some(cfg), Some(hint)) = (solver_config.as_ref(), pending_hint.as_mut()) {
+            hint.spawn(g.0.clone(), cfg.moves_budget, cfg.states_budget);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Toggles the [`ModesPopover`]: spawns it on first click, despawns it on
+/// second click. Mode rows are populated per the player's current level so
+/// only unlocked options appear.
+pub(super) fn handle_modes_button(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<ModesButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    popovers: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopover>>,
+    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>>,
+    progress: Option<Res<ProgressResource>>,
+    daily: Option<Res<DailyChallengeResource>>,
+    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let pressed = interaction_query.iter().any(|i| *i == Interaction::Pressed);
+    if !pressed {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Ok(entity) = popovers.single() {
+        commands.entity(entity).despawn();
+        for e in &backdrops {
+            commands.entity(e).despawn();
+        }
+    } else {
+        spawn_modes_popover(
+            &mut commands,
+            progress.as_deref(),
+            daily.as_deref(),
+            font_res.as_deref(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Spawns the modes popover anchored just below the action bar's right
+/// edge. Always includes Classic; includes Daily Challenge when a daily
+/// resource is loaded; includes Zen / Challenge / Time Attack once the
+/// player reaches the challenge unlock level.
+pub(super) fn spawn_modes_popover(
+    commands: &mut Commands,
+    progress: Option<&ProgressResource>,
+    daily: Option<&DailyChallengeResource>,
+    font_res: Option<&FontResource>,
+) {
+    let level = progress.map_or(0, |p| p.0.level);
+    let font = TextFont {
+        font: font_res.map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
+        font_size: 15.0,
+        ..default()
+    };
+
+    // Each row carries a tooltip alongside its label so hover reveals
+    // a one-line description of what the mode does — mirroring the
+    // tooltips on the action-bar buttons that opened this popover.
+    let mut rows: Vec<(ModeOption, &'static str, &'static str)> = vec![(
+        ModeOption::Classic,
+        "Classic",
+        "Standard Klondike. Score, timer, and full progression.",
+    )];
+    if daily.is_some() {
+        rows.push((
+            ModeOption::DailyChallenge,
+            "Daily Challenge",
+            "Today's seeded deal. Same for every player worldwide.",
+        ));
+    }
+    if level >= CHALLENGE_UNLOCK_LEVEL {
+        rows.push((
+            ModeOption::Zen,
+            "Zen",
+            "No timer, no score, no penalties. Just play.",
+        ));
+        rows.push((
+            ModeOption::Challenge,
+            "Challenge",
+            "Hand-picked hard seeds. No undo allowed.",
+        ));
+        rows.push((
+            ModeOption::TimeAttack,
+            "Time Attack",
+            "Win as many games as you can in ten minutes.",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    // Popover opens upward from just above the bottom action bar.
+    // Use a platform-aware offset that clears the bar height + safe-area
+    // gesture zone on Android, and the flat bar height on desktop.
+    let popover_bottom = Val::Px(ACTION_POPOVER_BOTTOM_PX);
+
+    commands
+        .spawn((
+            ModesPopover,
+            HudPopoverOpen,
+            Node {
+                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+                right: VAL_SPACE_3,
+                bottom: popover_bottom,
+                flex_direction: FlexDirection::Column,
+                row_gap: VAL_SPACE_1,
+                padding: UiRect::all(VAL_SPACE_2),
+                border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_MD)),
+                ..default()
+            },
+            BackgroundColor(BG_ELEVATED),
+            ZIndex(Z_HUD_POPOVER),
+        ))
+        .with_children(|panel| {
+            for (option, label, tooltip) in rows {
+                panel
+                    .spawn((
+                        option,
+                        ActionButton,
+                        PopoverRow,
+                        Button,
+                        Tooltip::new(tooltip),
+                        Node {
+                            padding: UiRect::axes(VAL_SPACE_3, Val::Px(6.0)),
+                            justify_content: JustifyContent::FlexStart,
+                            align_items: AlignItems::Center,
+                            min_width: Val::Px(150.0),
+                            border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_SM)),
+                            ..default()
+                        },
+                        BackgroundColor(ACTION_BTN_IDLE),
+                    ))
+                    .with_children(|b| {
+                        b.spawn((Text::new(label), font.clone(), TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY)));
+                    });
+            }
+        });
+
+    // Fullscreen transparent backdrop at Z_HUD_POPOVER_BACKDROP (below the
+    // popover at Z_HUD_POPOVER) so tapping outside light-dismisses it.
+    commands.spawn((
+        ModesPopoverBackdrop,
+        Button,
+        Node {
+            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+            left: Val::Px(0.0),
+            top: Val::Px(0.0),
+            width: Val::Percent(100.0),
+            height: Val::Percent(100.0),
+            ..default()
+        },
+        BackgroundColor(Color::NONE),
+        ZIndex(Z_HUD_POPOVER_BACKDROP),
+    ));
+}
+
+/// Dispatches the click on a popover row to the matching request event,
+/// then despawns the popover.
+///
+/// Classic uses [`NewGameRequestEvent`] directly; the other modes use
+/// their `Start*RequestEvent` so the existing keyboard handler runs
+/// (level gates, `TimeAttackResource` setup, daily seed lookup, etc.) —
+/// the popover stays a thin entry point and never duplicates that logic.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(super) fn handle_mode_option_click(
+    interaction_query: Query<(&Interaction, &ModeOption), Changed<Interaction>>,
+    popovers: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopover>>,
+    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>>,
+    mut new_game: MessageWriter<NewGameRequestEvent>,
+    mut zen: MessageWriter<StartZenRequestEvent>,
+    mut challenge: MessageWriter<StartChallengeRequestEvent>,
+    mut time_attack: MessageWriter<StartTimeAttackRequestEvent>,
+    mut daily: MessageWriter<StartDailyChallengeRequestEvent>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let mut clicked_any = false;
+    for (interaction, option) in &interaction_query {
+        if *interaction != Interaction::Pressed {
+            continue;
+        }
+        clicked_any = true;
+        match option {
+            ModeOption::Classic => {
+                new_game.write(NewGameRequestEvent::default());
+            }
+            ModeOption::DailyChallenge => {
+                daily.write(StartDailyChallengeRequestEvent);
+            }
+            ModeOption::Zen => {
+                zen.write(StartZenRequestEvent);
+            }
+            ModeOption::Challenge => {
+                challenge.write(StartChallengeRequestEvent);
+            }
+            ModeOption::TimeAttack => {
+                time_attack.write(StartTimeAttackRequestEvent);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if clicked_any && let Ok(entity) = popovers.single() {
+        commands.entity(entity).despawn();
+        for e in &backdrops {
+            commands.entity(e).despawn();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Toggles the [`MenuPopover`]: spawns it on first click, despawns it on
+/// second click. The popover lists the five overlays previously only
+/// reachable via the S / A / P / O / L hotkeys.
+pub(super) fn handle_menu_button(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<MenuButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    popovers: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopover>>,
+    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>>,
+    scrims: Query<(), With<ModalScrim>>,
+    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let pressed = interaction_query.iter().any(|i| *i == Interaction::Pressed);
+    if !pressed {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Ok(entity) = popovers.single() {
+        commands.entity(entity).despawn();
+        for e in &backdrops {
+            commands.entity(e).despawn();
+        }
+    } else if scrims.is_empty() {
+        spawn_menu_popover(&mut commands, font_res.as_deref());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Spawns the menu popover anchored just below the action bar, with one
+/// row per overlay. Each row dispatches its corresponding
+/// `Toggle*RequestEvent` so the existing toggle handler runs (and the
+/// HUD never duplicates spawn / despawn / fetch logic).
+pub(super) fn spawn_menu_popover(commands: &mut Commands, font_res: Option<&FontResource>) {
+    let font = TextFont {
+        font: font_res.map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
+        font_size: 15.0,
+        ..default()
+    };
+
+    // Each row carries a tooltip alongside its label so hover reveals
+    // a one-line description of what each overlay shows — mirroring
+    // the tooltips on the action-bar buttons that opened this popover.
+    let rows: [(MenuOption, &'static str, &'static str); 7] = [
+        (
+            MenuOption::Help,
+            "Help",
+            "Show controls, rules, and keyboard shortcuts.",
+        ),
+        (
+            MenuOption::Modes,
+            "Game Modes",
+            "Switch modes: Classic, Daily, Zen, Challenge, Time Attack.",
+        ),
+        (
+            MenuOption::Stats,
+            "Stats",
+            "Lifetime totals: wins, streaks, fastest time, best score.",
+        ),
+        (
+            MenuOption::Achievements,
+            "Achievements",
+            "Browse unlocked achievements and the rewards still ahead.",
+        ),
+        (
+            MenuOption::Profile,
+            "Profile",
+            "Your level, XP progress, and sync status.",
+        ),
+        (
+            MenuOption::Settings,
+            "Settings",
+            "Audio, animations, theme, draw mode, and sync.",
+        ),
+        (
+            MenuOption::Leaderboard,
+            "Leaderboard",
+            "Top players from your sync server. Opt in from Profile.",
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    // Same upward-opening placement as ModesPopover.
+    let popover_bottom = Val::Px(ACTION_POPOVER_BOTTOM_PX);
+
+    commands
+        .spawn((
+            MenuPopover,
+            HudPopoverOpen,
+            Node {
+                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+                right: VAL_SPACE_3,
+                bottom: popover_bottom,
+                flex_direction: FlexDirection::Column,
+                row_gap: VAL_SPACE_1,
+                padding: UiRect::all(VAL_SPACE_2),
+                border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_MD)),
+                ..default()
+            },
+            BackgroundColor(BG_ELEVATED),
+            ZIndex(Z_HUD_POPOVER),
+        ))
+        .with_children(|panel| {
+            for (option, label, tooltip) in rows {
+                panel
+                    .spawn((
+                        option,
+                        ActionButton,
+                        PopoverRow,
+                        Button,
+                        Tooltip::new(tooltip),
+                        Node {
+                            padding: UiRect::axes(VAL_SPACE_3, Val::Px(6.0)),
+                            justify_content: JustifyContent::FlexStart,
+                            align_items: AlignItems::Center,
+                            min_width: Val::Px(150.0),
+                            border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_SM)),
+                            ..default()
+                        },
+                        BackgroundColor(ACTION_BTN_IDLE),
+                    ))
+                    .with_children(|b| {
+                        b.spawn((Text::new(label), font.clone(), TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY)));
+                    });
+            }
+        });
+
+    // Transparent fullscreen backdrop behind the popover — tapping anywhere
+    // outside the panel light-dismisses it via handle_menu_backdrop_click.
+    commands.spawn((
+        MenuPopoverBackdrop,
+        Button,
+        Node {
+            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+            left: Val::Px(0.0),
+            top: Val::Px(0.0),
+            width: Val::Percent(100.0),
+            height: Val::Percent(100.0),
+            ..default()
+        },
+        BackgroundColor(Color::NONE),
+        ZIndex(Z_HUD_POPOVER_BACKDROP),
+    ));
+}
+
+/// Dispatches the click on a menu row to the matching toggle event,
+/// then despawns the popover.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(super) fn handle_menu_option_click(
+    interaction_query: Query<(&Interaction, &MenuOption), Changed<Interaction>>,
+    popovers: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopover>>,
+    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>>,
+    mut stats: MessageWriter<ToggleStatsRequestEvent>,
+    mut achievements: MessageWriter<ToggleAchievementsRequestEvent>,
+    mut profile: MessageWriter<ToggleProfileRequestEvent>,
+    mut settings: MessageWriter<ToggleSettingsRequestEvent>,
+    mut leaderboard: MessageWriter<ToggleLeaderboardRequestEvent>,
+    mut help: MessageWriter<HelpRequestEvent>,
+    progress: Option<Res<ProgressResource>>,
+    daily: Option<Res<DailyChallengeResource>>,
+    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let mut clicked_any = false;
+    let mut open_modes = false;
+    for (interaction, option) in &interaction_query {
+        if *interaction != Interaction::Pressed {
+            continue;
+        }
+        clicked_any = true;
+        match option {
+            MenuOption::Help => {
+                help.write(HelpRequestEvent);
+            }
+            MenuOption::Modes => {
+                open_modes = true;
+            }
+            MenuOption::Stats => {
+                stats.write(ToggleStatsRequestEvent);
+            }
+            MenuOption::Achievements => {
+                achievements.write(ToggleAchievementsRequestEvent);
+            }
+            MenuOption::Profile => {
+                profile.write(ToggleProfileRequestEvent);
+            }
+            MenuOption::Settings => {
+                settings.write(ToggleSettingsRequestEvent);
+            }
+            MenuOption::Leaderboard => {
+                leaderboard.write(ToggleLeaderboardRequestEvent);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if clicked_any && let Ok(entity) = popovers.single() {
+        commands.entity(entity).despawn();
+        for e in &backdrops {
+            commands.entity(e).despawn();
+        }
+    }
+    if open_modes {
+        spawn_modes_popover(
+            &mut commands,
+            progress.as_deref(),
+            daily.as_deref(),
+            font_res.as_deref(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Despawns the [`ModesPopover`] and its backdrop when Escape / Android back
+/// is pressed while the popover is open. Runs so `PausePlugin`'s guard (which
+/// checks [`HudPopoverOpen`]) sees an empty world and stays idle.
+pub(super) fn close_modes_popover_on_escape(
+    keys: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
+    popovers: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopover>>,
+    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    if !keys.just_pressed(KeyCode::Escape) || popovers.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    for e in popovers.iter().chain(backdrops.iter()) {
+        commands.entity(e).despawn();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Despawns the [`MenuPopover`] and its backdrop when Escape / Android back
+/// is pressed while the popover is open.
+pub(super) fn close_menu_popover_on_escape(
+    keys: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
+    popovers: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopover>>,
+    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    if !keys.just_pressed(KeyCode::Escape) || popovers.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    for e in popovers.iter().chain(backdrops.iter()) {
+        commands.entity(e).despawn();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Despawns the [`ModesPopover`] and its backdrop when the player taps
+/// anywhere outside the panel.
+pub(super) fn handle_modes_backdrop_click(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    popovers: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopover>>,
+    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let pressed = interaction_query.iter().any(|i| *i == Interaction::Pressed);
+    if !pressed {
+        return;
+    }
+    for e in popovers.iter().chain(backdrops.iter()) {
+        commands.entity(e).despawn();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Despawns the [`MenuPopover`] and its backdrop when the player taps
+/// anywhere outside the panel (i.e. the transparent backdrop is pressed).
+pub(super) fn handle_menu_backdrop_click(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    popovers: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopover>>,
+    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let pressed = interaction_query.iter().any(|i| *i == Interaction::Pressed);
+    if !pressed {
+        return;
+    }
+    for e in popovers.iter().chain(backdrops.iter()) {
+        commands.entity(e).despawn();
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(super) fn toggle_hud_on_tap(
+    mut touch_events: MessageReader<TouchInput>,
+    drag: Res<DragState>,
+    scrims: Query<(), With<ModalScrim>>,
+    paused: Option<Res<PausedResource>>,
+    mut tracker: ResMut<HudTapTracker>,
+    mut hud_vis: ResMut<HudVisibility>,
+    buttons: Query<&Interaction, With<ActionButton>>,
+    mut game_consumed: ResMut<GameInputConsumedResource>,
+) {
+    use bevy::input::touch::TouchPhase;
+    if !scrims.is_empty() || paused.is_some_and(|p| p.0) {
+        // Drain buffered events so they don't replay in the frame after
+        // the scrim despawns, which would trigger a spurious visibility
+        // toggle as the resume/close button tap's Started+Ended pair
+        // replays in the now-scrim-free frame.
+        for _ in touch_events.read() {}
+        tracker.start_pos = None;
+        tracker.started_on_button = false;
+        game_consumed.0 = false;
+        return;
+    }
+    for event in touch_events.read() {
+        match event.phase {
+            TouchPhase::Started => {
+                tracker.start_pos = Some(event.position);
+                // Record whether the finger-down landed on a button so
+                // the finger-up doesn't double-fire (toggle bar + press
+                // button at the same time).
+                tracker.started_on_button = buttons.iter().any(|i| *i != Interaction::None);
+            }
+            TouchPhase::Ended if drag.is_idle() => {
+                // Also treat taps where game logic consumed the touch (e.g.
+                // drawing from stock) as "on button" so they don't toggle
+                // the HUD. The flag is set on TouchPhase::Started by the
+                // input system that consumed the tap and must be cleared here
+                // regardless of whether we toggle.
+                let on_button = tracker.started_on_button || game_consumed.0;
+                game_consumed.0 = false;
+                if let Some(start) = tracker.start_pos.take()
+                    && !on_button
+                    && (event.position - start).length() < HUD_TAP_SLOP_PX
+                {
+                    *hud_vis = match *hud_vis {
+                        HudVisibility::Visible => HudVisibility::Hidden,
+                        HudVisibility::Hidden => HudVisibility::Visible,
+                    };
+                }
+                tracker.started_on_button = false;
+            }
+            // Moved: don't clear start_pos — Android fires Moved for normal
+            // tap jitter, and the distance check at Ended already rejects
+            // real drags. Clearing here would silently swallow tap toggles.
+            TouchPhase::Canceled => {
+                tracker.start_pos = None;
+                tracker.started_on_button = false;
+                game_consumed.0 = false;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/mod.rs b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/mod.rs
index 2d5d03c..2961401 100644
--- a/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/mod.rs
+++ b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/mod.rs
@@ -8,13 +8,18 @@
 
 use bevy::prelude::*;
 use bevy::window::WindowResized;
-use solitaire_core::{Foundation, KlondikePile, Tableau};
-use solitaire_core::Suit;
-use solitaire_core::{DrawStockConfig, game_state::GameMode};
 
-use crate::auto_complete_plugin::AutoCompleteState;
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-use crate::avatar_plugin::AvatarResource;
+mod fx;
+mod interaction;
+mod spawn;
+mod updates;
+
+pub use fx::*;
+use interaction::*;
+use spawn::*;
+use updates::*;
+
+
 // On wasm32 AvatarPlugin is gated out; define a placeholder type so the
 // Option<Res<AvatarResource>> parameters below compile without changes.
 // The resource is never inserted on wasm, so every call resolves to None.
@@ -544,2182 +549,5 @@ impl Plugin for HudPlugin {
     }
 }
 
-/// Spawns the invisible HUD band that reserves vertical space at the top of
-/// the screen so the card layout (computed by `layout::compute_layout` using
-/// `HUD_BAND_HEIGHT`) aligns correctly below the score readouts.
-///
-/// The entity carries no `BackgroundColor` — the green felt shows through.
-/// A slim grey background is handled by each content section individually
-/// (the bottom action bar has its own `BG_HUD_BAND` background).
-fn spawn_hud_band(mut commands: Commands) {
-    const BASE_TOP: f32 = 0.0;
-    commands.spawn((
-        Node {
-            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-            top: Val::Px(BASE_TOP),
-            left: Val::Px(0.0),
-            width: Val::Percent(100.0),
-            height: Val::Px(HUD_BAND_HEIGHT),
-            ..default()
-        },
-        ZIndex(Z_HUD - 1),
-        SafeAreaAnchoredTop { base_top: BASE_TOP },
-        HudBand,
-    ));
-}
-
-/// Spawns the in-game HUD as a 4-tier vertical column anchored to the
-/// top-left of the play area.
-///
-/// Tiers (top to bottom):
-///   1. **Primary** — Score (display weight) · Moves · Timer.
-///      Always visible during gameplay.
-///   2. **Mode context** — Mode badge · Daily-challenge constraint ·
-///      Draw-cycle indicator. Each cell is empty when not relevant; the
-///      row collapses visually when all cells are empty.
-///   3. **Penalty / bonus** — Undos · Recycles · Auto-complete badge.
-///      Both penalty counters share `STATE_WARNING` (the audit found
-///      they were inconsistent: Undos amber, Recycles white).
-///   4. **Selection** — keyboard-driven pile selector chip.
-///
-/// The audit identified the original single-row layout (10 readouts in
-/// one horizontal flex row, 5+ colour families competing) as the
-/// player's #1 complaint. This restructure groups by purpose, lets
-/// transient items disappear cleanly, and uses the typography scale to
-/// make Score the visual protagonist.
-fn spawn_hud(font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>, mut commands: Commands) {
-    let font_handle = font_res.as_ref().map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
-    let font_score = TextFont {
-        font: font_handle.clone(),
-        font_size: TYPE_HEADLINE,
-        ..default()
-    };
-    let font_lg = TextFont {
-        font: font_handle.clone(),
-        font_size: TYPE_BODY_LG,
-        ..default()
-    };
-    let font_body = TextFont {
-        font: font_handle,
-        font_size: TYPE_BODY,
-        ..default()
-    };
-
-    let row_node = || Node {
-        flex_direction: FlexDirection::Row,
-        column_gap: VAL_SPACE_3,
-        // On a narrow viewport the four tier rows (Score/Moves/Timer,
-        // Mode/Challenge/Draw-cycle/Won-previously, Undos/Recycles/
-        // Auto-complete, selection chip) can collectively be wider than
-        // the available space and overflow into the action-button column
-        // on the right. `flex_wrap: Wrap` lets each tier soft-wrap onto
-        // a second line; on a desktop window the rows stay single-line
-        // because the parent column has no width cap and the row never
-        // exceeds the natural line width.
-        flex_wrap: FlexWrap::Wrap,
-        row_gap: VAL_SPACE_1,
-        align_items: AlignItems::Baseline,
-        ..default()
-    };
-
-    commands
-        .spawn((
-            Node {
-                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-                left: VAL_SPACE_3,
-                top: Val::Px(SPACE_2),
-                flex_direction: FlexDirection::Column,
-                // Cap the column at 50% of viewport so on narrow
-                // (mobile) widths the inner tier rows have a bounded
-                // width to wrap against, and the column can't bleed
-                // into the right-anchored action button row (also
-                // capped at 50%). On desktop 50% of 1920 = 960 px,
-                // wider than any tier row's natural width, so the
-                // visible layout is unaffected.
-                max_width: Val::Percent(50.0),
-                row_gap: VAL_SPACE_1,
-                ..default()
-            },
-            ZIndex(Z_HUD),
-            SafeAreaAnchoredTop { base_top: SPACE_2 },
-            HudColumn,
-        ))
-        .with_children(|hud| {
-            // Tier 1 — primary readouts. Score is the protagonist (HEADLINE);
-            // Moves and Timer are supporting context (BODY_LG, secondary tone).
-            hud.spawn(row_node()).with_children(|t1| {
-                t1.spawn((
-                    HudScore,
-                    Tooltip::new("Points earned this game. Hidden in Zen mode."),
-                    Text::new("Score: 0"),
-                    font_score.clone(),
-                    TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY),
-                ));
-                t1.spawn((
-                    HudMoves,
-                    Tooltip::new("Moves you've made this game. Counts placements and stock draws."),
-                    Text::new("Moves: 0"),
-                    font_lg.clone(),
-                    TextColor(TEXT_SECONDARY),
-                ));
-                t1.spawn((
-                    HudTime,
-                    Tooltip::new("Time on this game. Counts down in Time Attack."),
-                    Text::new("0:00"),
-                    font_lg.clone(),
-                    TextColor(TEXT_SECONDARY),
-                ));
-            });
-
-            // Tier 2 — mode context. Each cell is empty until update_hud
-            // populates it (and clears it when no longer relevant), so the
-            // row collapses when nothing in this tier applies.
-            hud.spawn(row_node()).with_children(|t2| {
-                t2.spawn((
-                    HudMode,
-                    Tooltip::new("Active game mode. Click Modes to switch."),
-                    Text::new(""),
-                    font_body.clone(),
-                    TextColor(ACCENT_PRIMARY),
-                ));
-                t2.spawn((
-                    HudChallenge,
-                    Tooltip::new("Today's daily challenge target. Beat it for bonus XP."),
-                    Text::new(""),
-                    font_body.clone(),
-                    TextColor(STATE_INFO),
-                ));
-                t2.spawn((
-                    HudDrawCycle,
-                    Tooltip::new("Cards drawn on the next stock click in Draw-Three."),
-                    Text::new(""),
-                    font_body.clone(),
-                    TextColor(STATE_INFO),
-                ));
-                t2.spawn((
-                    HudWonPreviously,
-                    Tooltip::new("You've won this deal before. Same seed in your replay history."),
-                    Text::new(""),
-                    font_body.clone(),
-                    TextColor(STATE_SUCCESS),
-                ));
-            });
-
-            // Tier 3 — penalty / bonus. Undos and Recycles share the
-            // warning hue so they read as the same category ("you took a
-            // penalty"); the auto-complete badge stays success-green.
-            hud.spawn(row_node()).with_children(|t3| {
-                t3.spawn((
-                    HudUndos,
-                    Tooltip::new("Undos used this game. Any undo blocks the No Undo achievement."),
-                    Text::new(""),
-                    font_body.clone(),
-                    TextColor(STATE_WARNING),
-                ));
-                t3.spawn((
-                    HudRecycles,
-                    Tooltip::new(
-                        "Times you've recycled the stock. Three or more unlocks Comeback.",
-                    ),
-                    Text::new(""),
-                    font_body.clone(),
-                    TextColor(STATE_WARNING),
-                ));
-                t3.spawn((
-                    HudAutoComplete,
-                    Tooltip::new("Board is solvable from here. Press Enter to auto-finish."),
-                    Text::new(""),
-                    font_body.clone(),
-                    TextColor(STATE_SUCCESS),
-                ));
-            });
-
-            // Tier 4 — selection chip. Stays in HUD for now; a future
-            // pass can reposition it next to the selected pile.
-            hud.spawn(row_node()).with_children(|t4| {
-                t4.spawn((
-                    HudSelection,
-                    Tooltip::new("Pile selected with Tab. Use arrows or Enter to act."),
-                    Text::new(""),
-                    font_body,
-                    TextColor(ACCENT_SECONDARY),
-                ));
-            });
-        });
-}
-
-/// Spawns the circular avatar / initials button anchored to the top-right
-/// of the HUD band. Initial content is seeded from whatever resources are
-/// available at startup; `update_hud_avatar` replaces the children whenever
-/// `AvatarResource` or `SettingsResource` later changes.
-fn spawn_hud_avatar(
-    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
-    avatar: Option<Res<AvatarResource>>,
-    settings: Option<Res<SettingsResource>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    const SIZE: f32 = 32.0;
-    let id = commands
-        .spawn((
-            HudAvatar,
-            Button,
-            Tooltip::new("Your profile — tap to open."),
-            Node {
-                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-                top: Val::Px(SPACE_2),
-                right: VAL_SPACE_3,
-                width: Val::Px(SIZE),
-                height: Val::Px(SIZE),
-                border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(SIZE / 2.0)),
-                align_items: AlignItems::Center,
-                justify_content: JustifyContent::Center,
-                ..default()
-            },
-            BackgroundColor(ACCENT_PRIMARY),
-            ZIndex(Z_HUD),
-            SafeAreaAnchoredTop { base_top: SPACE_2 },
-        ))
-        .id();
-    spawn_avatar_child(
-        &mut commands,
-        id,
-        avatar.as_deref(),
-        settings.as_deref(),
-        font_res.as_deref(),
-    );
-}
-
-/// Re-spawns the avatar circle content (image or initials) whenever either
-/// [`AvatarResource`] or [`SettingsResource`] changes — covers both the
-/// image arriving after download and the username changing after login.
-fn update_hud_avatar(
-    avatar: Option<Res<AvatarResource>>,
-    settings: Option<Res<SettingsResource>>,
-    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
-    q: Query<Entity, With<HudAvatar>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let avatar_changed = avatar.as_ref().is_some_and(|r| r.is_changed());
-    let settings_changed = settings.as_ref().is_some_and(|r| r.is_changed());
-    if !avatar_changed && !settings_changed {
-        return;
-    }
-    let Ok(entity) = q.single() else {
-        return;
-    };
-    commands.entity(entity).despawn_related::<Children>();
-    spawn_avatar_child(
-        &mut commands,
-        entity,
-        avatar.as_deref(),
-        settings.as_deref(),
-        font_res.as_deref(),
-    );
-}
-
-/// Populates the avatar container with either the downloaded image or an
-/// initials fallback disc. Called from both the startup spawn and the
-/// reactive update system so the rendering logic lives in one place.
-fn spawn_avatar_child(
-    commands: &mut Commands,
-    parent: Entity,
-    avatar: Option<&AvatarResource>,
-    settings: Option<&SettingsResource>,
-    font_res: Option<&FontResource>,
-) {
-    const SIZE: f32 = 32.0;
-    if let Some(handle) = avatar.and_then(|a| a.0.clone()) {
-        // Logged-in with a downloaded avatar: keep the accent disc behind it.
-        commands.entity(parent).insert(BackgroundColor(ACCENT_PRIMARY));
-        // Image fills the circle container; border_radius clips it to a disc.
-        commands.entity(parent).with_children(|b| {
-            b.spawn((
-                ImageNode::new(handle),
-                Node {
-                    width: Val::Px(SIZE),
-                    height: Val::Px(SIZE),
-                    border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(SIZE / 2.0)),
-                    ..default()
-                },
-            ));
-        });
-    } else {
-        let initial = settings
-            .and_then(|s| match &s.0.sync_backend {
-                SyncBackend::SolitaireServer { username, .. } => username.chars().next(),
-                SyncBackend::Local => None,
-            })
-            .and_then(|c| c.to_uppercase().next())
-            .unwrap_or('?');
-        // Real initial (logged in) keeps the red accent disc; the '?'
-        // unauthenticated fallback uses a neutral grey so it reads as a
-        // "tap to log in" affordance rather than an error.
-        let disc_bg = if initial == '?' {
-            BG_ELEVATED_HI
-        } else {
-            ACCENT_PRIMARY
-        };
-        commands.entity(parent).insert(BackgroundColor(disc_bg));
-        commands.entity(parent).with_children(|b| {
-            b.spawn((
-                Text::new(initial.to_string()),
-                TextFont {
-                    font: font_res.map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
-                    font_size: 14.0,
-                    ..default()
-                },
-                TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY),
-            ));
-        });
-    }
-}
-
-/// Opens the Profile overlay when the avatar button is pressed.
-fn handle_avatar_button(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<HudAvatar>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    mut toggle_profile: MessageWriter<ToggleProfileRequestEvent>,
-) {
-    for interaction in &interaction_query {
-        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
-            toggle_profile.write(ToggleProfileRequestEvent);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Spawns the action button bar anchored to the top-right of the window.
-/// Each child is a clickable button mirroring a keyboard accelerator —
-/// per the UI-first principle (CLAUDE.md / ARCHITECTURE.md §1) the buttons
-/// are the primary entry point and the hotkeys are optional.
-///
-/// Order (left → right): Undo, Pause, Help, New Game. New Game is rightmost
-/// because it's the most consequential action; the destructive button sits
-/// on its own visual edge.
-fn spawn_action_buttons(
-    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
-    windows: Query<&Window>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let action_font_size =
-        action_bar_font_size(windows.iter().next().map_or(900.0, |win| win.width()));
-    let font = TextFont {
-        font: font_res.as_ref().map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
-        font_size: action_font_size,
-        ..default()
-    };
-
-    // Bottom bar: full-width, centered, sits above the gesture-navigation zone.
-    // `SafeAreaAnchoredBottom` applies the correct logical-pixel inset once
-    // Android reports it (frames 1-3); initial value is 0.0.
-    commands
-        .spawn((
-            Node {
-                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-                bottom: Val::Px(0.0),
-                left: Val::Px(0.0),
-                width: Val::Percent(100.0),
-                flex_direction: FlexDirection::Row,
-                flex_wrap: FlexWrap::Wrap,
-                justify_content: JustifyContent::Center,
-                column_gap: ACTION_BAR_COLUMN_GAP,
-                row_gap: VAL_SPACE_2,
-                align_items: AlignItems::Center,
-                padding: UiRect {
-                    left: VAL_SPACE_3,
-                    right: VAL_SPACE_3,
-                    top: VAL_SPACE_2,
-                    bottom: VAL_SPACE_2,
-                },
-                ..default()
-            },
-            BackgroundColor(BG_HUD_BAND),
-            ZIndex(Z_HUD),
-            SafeAreaAnchoredBottom { base_bottom: 0.0 },
-            HudActionBar,
-        ))
-        .with_children(|row| {
-            // The trailing `order` argument feeds `Focusable { group: Hud, order }`
-            // so Tab cycles the action bar in visual reading order.
-            // Undo and Pause are the primary gameplay actions — full brightness.
-            // Menu, Help, Hint, Modes, New are navigation/utility — dimmed.
-            spawn_action_button(
-                row,
-                MenuButton,
-                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[0],
-                None,
-                "Open Stats, Achievements, Profile, Settings, or Leaderboard.",
-                &font,
-                0,
-                TEXT_SECONDARY,
-            );
-            spawn_action_button(
-                row,
-                UndoButton,
-                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[1],
-                Some("U"),
-                "Take back your last move. Costs points and blocks No Undo.",
-                &font,
-                1,
-                TEXT_PRIMARY,
-            );
-            spawn_action_button(
-                row,
-                PauseButton,
-                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[2],
-                Some("Esc"),
-                "Pause the game and freeze the timer.",
-                &font,
-                2,
-                TEXT_PRIMARY,
-            );
-            spawn_action_button(
-                row,
-                HelpButton,
-                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[3],
-                Some("F1"),
-                "Show controls, rules, and keyboard shortcuts.",
-                &font,
-                3,
-                TEXT_SECONDARY,
-            );
-            spawn_action_button(
-                row,
-                HintButton,
-                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[4],
-                Some("H"),
-                "Highlight a suggested move. Cycles through alternatives on repeat taps.",
-                &font,
-                4,
-                TEXT_SECONDARY,
-            );
-            spawn_action_button(
-                row,
-                ModesButton,
-                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[5],
-                None,
-                "Switch modes: Classic, Daily, Zen, Challenge, Time Attack.",
-                &font,
-                5,
-                TEXT_SECONDARY,
-            );
-            spawn_action_button(
-                row,
-                NewGameButton,
-                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[6],
-                Some("N"),
-                "Start a fresh deal. Confirms first if a game is in progress.",
-                &font,
-                6,
-                TEXT_SECONDARY,
-            );
-        });
-}
-
-/// Spawns a single action button as a child of `row`. Each button shares
-/// the same node geometry, idle colour, and `ActionButton` marker so
-/// `paint_action_buttons` can recolour all of them with one query.
-///
-/// `order` is the button's index inside the action bar (0 for the
-/// leftmost). It propagates into the [`Focusable`] this function inserts
-/// so Phase 2's keyboard focus ring cycles the HUD in visual order.
-///
-/// `tooltip` is the hover-reveal caption attached via [`Tooltip`]. Every
-/// action button ships with one — there is no opt-out — because each button
-/// represents a player-triggered action and benefits from a one-line
-/// reminder of what it does.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn spawn_action_button<M: Component>(
-    row: &mut ChildSpawnerCommands,
-    marker: M,
-    label: &str,
-    hotkey: Option<&'static str>,
-    tooltip: &'static str,
-    font: &TextFont,
-    order: i32,
-    text_color: Color,
-) {
-    // Hotkey hint chips ("U", "Esc", "F1", "N") are meaningless on a
-    // touch device — the button itself is the affordance — and they
-    // visibly clutter the narrow-viewport action row. The chevrons on
-    // Menu/Modes remain because they indicate dropdown behaviour.
-    let hotkey = if SHOW_KEYBOARD_ACCELERATORS {
-        hotkey
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-
-    let hotkey_font = TextFont {
-        font: font.font.clone(),
-        font_size: TYPE_CAPTION,
-        ..default()
-    };
-    let (pad, min_w, min_h) = action_button_metrics();
-
-    row.spawn((
-        marker,
-        ActionButton,
-        Button,
-        Tooltip::new(tooltip),
-        Focusable {
-            group: FocusGroup::Hud,
-            order,
-        },
-        Node {
-            padding: pad,
-            min_width: min_w,
-            min_height: min_h,
-            justify_content: JustifyContent::Center,
-            align_items: AlignItems::Center,
-            border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_MD)),
-            column_gap: VAL_SPACE_2,
-            ..default()
-        },
-        BackgroundColor(ACTION_BTN_IDLE),
-        BorderColor::all(BORDER_SUBTLE),
-        HighContrastBorder::with_default(BORDER_SUBTLE),
-    ))
-    .with_children(|b| {
-        spawn_action_button_label(b, label, font, text_color);
-        if let Some(key) = hotkey {
-            // Hotkey hint rendered as a dim caption next to the label —
-            // keeps the keyboard accelerator discoverable without
-            // hijacking the button's primary affordance.
-            b.spawn((Text::new(key), hotkey_font, TextColor(TEXT_SECONDARY)));
-        }
-    });
-}
-
-/// `Changed<Interaction>` filter ensures we only react on the frame the
-/// interaction state transitions, avoiding repeat events while the button
-/// is held down. Each click handler fires the corresponding request event,
-/// which `pause_plugin` / `help_plugin` / `game_plugin` consume alongside
-/// their existing keyboard handlers.
-fn handle_new_game_button(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<NewGameButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    mut new_game: MessageWriter<NewGameRequestEvent>,
-) {
-    for interaction in &interaction_query {
-        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
-            new_game.write(NewGameRequestEvent::default());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_undo_button(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<UndoButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    mut undo: MessageWriter<UndoRequestEvent>,
-) {
-    for interaction in &interaction_query {
-        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
-            undo.write(UndoRequestEvent);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_pause_button(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<PauseButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    mut pause: MessageWriter<PauseRequestEvent>,
-) {
-    for interaction in &interaction_query {
-        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
-            pause.write(PauseRequestEvent);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_help_button(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<HelpButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    mut help: MessageWriter<HelpRequestEvent>,
-) {
-    for interaction in &interaction_query {
-        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
-            help.write(HelpRequestEvent);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn handle_hint_button(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<HintButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    paused: Option<Res<PausedResource>>,
-    game: Option<Res<GameStateResource>>,
-    solver_config: Option<Res<crate::input_plugin::HintSolverConfig>>,
-    mut pending_hint: Option<ResMut<crate::pending_hint::PendingHintTask>>,
-    mut info_toast: MessageWriter<InfoToastEvent>,
-) {
-    for interaction in &interaction_query {
-        if *interaction != Interaction::Pressed {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if paused.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.0) {
-            return;
-        }
-        let Some(ref g) = game else { return };
-        if g.0.is_won() {
-            info_toast.write(InfoToastEvent(HINT_WON_MSG.to_string()));
-            return;
-        }
-        if let (Some(cfg), Some(hint)) = (solver_config.as_ref(), pending_hint.as_mut()) {
-            hint.spawn(g.0.clone(), cfg.moves_budget, cfg.states_budget);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Toggles the [`ModesPopover`]: spawns it on first click, despawns it on
-/// second click. Mode rows are populated per the player's current level so
-/// only unlocked options appear.
-fn handle_modes_button(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<ModesButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    popovers: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopover>>,
-    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>>,
-    progress: Option<Res<ProgressResource>>,
-    daily: Option<Res<DailyChallengeResource>>,
-    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let pressed = interaction_query.iter().any(|i| *i == Interaction::Pressed);
-    if !pressed {
-        return;
-    }
-    if let Ok(entity) = popovers.single() {
-        commands.entity(entity).despawn();
-        for e in &backdrops {
-            commands.entity(e).despawn();
-        }
-    } else {
-        spawn_modes_popover(
-            &mut commands,
-            progress.as_deref(),
-            daily.as_deref(),
-            font_res.as_deref(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-/// Spawns the modes popover anchored just below the action bar's right
-/// edge. Always includes Classic; includes Daily Challenge when a daily
-/// resource is loaded; includes Zen / Challenge / Time Attack once the
-/// player reaches the challenge unlock level.
-fn spawn_modes_popover(
-    commands: &mut Commands,
-    progress: Option<&ProgressResource>,
-    daily: Option<&DailyChallengeResource>,
-    font_res: Option<&FontResource>,
-) {
-    let level = progress.map_or(0, |p| p.0.level);
-    let font = TextFont {
-        font: font_res.map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
-        font_size: 15.0,
-        ..default()
-    };
-
-    // Each row carries a tooltip alongside its label so hover reveals
-    // a one-line description of what the mode does — mirroring the
-    // tooltips on the action-bar buttons that opened this popover.
-    let mut rows: Vec<(ModeOption, &'static str, &'static str)> = vec![(
-        ModeOption::Classic,
-        "Classic",
-        "Standard Klondike. Score, timer, and full progression.",
-    )];
-    if daily.is_some() {
-        rows.push((
-            ModeOption::DailyChallenge,
-            "Daily Challenge",
-            "Today's seeded deal. Same for every player worldwide.",
-        ));
-    }
-    if level >= CHALLENGE_UNLOCK_LEVEL {
-        rows.push((
-            ModeOption::Zen,
-            "Zen",
-            "No timer, no score, no penalties. Just play.",
-        ));
-        rows.push((
-            ModeOption::Challenge,
-            "Challenge",
-            "Hand-picked hard seeds. No undo allowed.",
-        ));
-        rows.push((
-            ModeOption::TimeAttack,
-            "Time Attack",
-            "Win as many games as you can in ten minutes.",
-        ));
-    }
-
-    // Popover opens upward from just above the bottom action bar.
-    // Use a platform-aware offset that clears the bar height + safe-area
-    // gesture zone on Android, and the flat bar height on desktop.
-    let popover_bottom = Val::Px(ACTION_POPOVER_BOTTOM_PX);
-
-    commands
-        .spawn((
-            ModesPopover,
-            HudPopoverOpen,
-            Node {
-                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-                right: VAL_SPACE_3,
-                bottom: popover_bottom,
-                flex_direction: FlexDirection::Column,
-                row_gap: VAL_SPACE_1,
-                padding: UiRect::all(VAL_SPACE_2),
-                border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_MD)),
-                ..default()
-            },
-            BackgroundColor(BG_ELEVATED),
-            ZIndex(Z_HUD_POPOVER),
-        ))
-        .with_children(|panel| {
-            for (option, label, tooltip) in rows {
-                panel
-                    .spawn((
-                        option,
-                        ActionButton,
-                        PopoverRow,
-                        Button,
-                        Tooltip::new(tooltip),
-                        Node {
-                            padding: UiRect::axes(VAL_SPACE_3, Val::Px(6.0)),
-                            justify_content: JustifyContent::FlexStart,
-                            align_items: AlignItems::Center,
-                            min_width: Val::Px(150.0),
-                            border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_SM)),
-                            ..default()
-                        },
-                        BackgroundColor(ACTION_BTN_IDLE),
-                    ))
-                    .with_children(|b| {
-                        b.spawn((Text::new(label), font.clone(), TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY)));
-                    });
-            }
-        });
-
-    // Fullscreen transparent backdrop at Z_HUD_POPOVER_BACKDROP (below the
-    // popover at Z_HUD_POPOVER) so tapping outside light-dismisses it.
-    commands.spawn((
-        ModesPopoverBackdrop,
-        Button,
-        Node {
-            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-            left: Val::Px(0.0),
-            top: Val::Px(0.0),
-            width: Val::Percent(100.0),
-            height: Val::Percent(100.0),
-            ..default()
-        },
-        BackgroundColor(Color::NONE),
-        ZIndex(Z_HUD_POPOVER_BACKDROP),
-    ));
-}
-
-/// Dispatches the click on a popover row to the matching request event,
-/// then despawns the popover.
-///
-/// Classic uses [`NewGameRequestEvent`] directly; the other modes use
-/// their `Start*RequestEvent` so the existing keyboard handler runs
-/// (level gates, `TimeAttackResource` setup, daily seed lookup, etc.) —
-/// the popover stays a thin entry point and never duplicates that logic.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn handle_mode_option_click(
-    interaction_query: Query<(&Interaction, &ModeOption), Changed<Interaction>>,
-    popovers: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopover>>,
-    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>>,
-    mut new_game: MessageWriter<NewGameRequestEvent>,
-    mut zen: MessageWriter<StartZenRequestEvent>,
-    mut challenge: MessageWriter<StartChallengeRequestEvent>,
-    mut time_attack: MessageWriter<StartTimeAttackRequestEvent>,
-    mut daily: MessageWriter<StartDailyChallengeRequestEvent>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let mut clicked_any = false;
-    for (interaction, option) in &interaction_query {
-        if *interaction != Interaction::Pressed {
-            continue;
-        }
-        clicked_any = true;
-        match option {
-            ModeOption::Classic => {
-                new_game.write(NewGameRequestEvent::default());
-            }
-            ModeOption::DailyChallenge => {
-                daily.write(StartDailyChallengeRequestEvent);
-            }
-            ModeOption::Zen => {
-                zen.write(StartZenRequestEvent);
-            }
-            ModeOption::Challenge => {
-                challenge.write(StartChallengeRequestEvent);
-            }
-            ModeOption::TimeAttack => {
-                time_attack.write(StartTimeAttackRequestEvent);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if clicked_any && let Ok(entity) = popovers.single() {
-        commands.entity(entity).despawn();
-        for e in &backdrops {
-            commands.entity(e).despawn();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Toggles the [`MenuPopover`]: spawns it on first click, despawns it on
-/// second click. The popover lists the five overlays previously only
-/// reachable via the S / A / P / O / L hotkeys.
-fn handle_menu_button(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<MenuButton>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    popovers: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopover>>,
-    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>>,
-    scrims: Query<(), With<ModalScrim>>,
-    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let pressed = interaction_query.iter().any(|i| *i == Interaction::Pressed);
-    if !pressed {
-        return;
-    }
-    if let Ok(entity) = popovers.single() {
-        commands.entity(entity).despawn();
-        for e in &backdrops {
-            commands.entity(e).despawn();
-        }
-    } else if scrims.is_empty() {
-        spawn_menu_popover(&mut commands, font_res.as_deref());
-    }
-}
-
-/// Spawns the menu popover anchored just below the action bar, with one
-/// row per overlay. Each row dispatches its corresponding
-/// `Toggle*RequestEvent` so the existing toggle handler runs (and the
-/// HUD never duplicates spawn / despawn / fetch logic).
-fn spawn_menu_popover(commands: &mut Commands, font_res: Option<&FontResource>) {
-    let font = TextFont {
-        font: font_res.map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
-        font_size: 15.0,
-        ..default()
-    };
-
-    // Each row carries a tooltip alongside its label so hover reveals
-    // a one-line description of what each overlay shows — mirroring
-    // the tooltips on the action-bar buttons that opened this popover.
-    let rows: [(MenuOption, &'static str, &'static str); 7] = [
-        (
-            MenuOption::Help,
-            "Help",
-            "Show controls, rules, and keyboard shortcuts.",
-        ),
-        (
-            MenuOption::Modes,
-            "Game Modes",
-            "Switch modes: Classic, Daily, Zen, Challenge, Time Attack.",
-        ),
-        (
-            MenuOption::Stats,
-            "Stats",
-            "Lifetime totals: wins, streaks, fastest time, best score.",
-        ),
-        (
-            MenuOption::Achievements,
-            "Achievements",
-            "Browse unlocked achievements and the rewards still ahead.",
-        ),
-        (
-            MenuOption::Profile,
-            "Profile",
-            "Your level, XP progress, and sync status.",
-        ),
-        (
-            MenuOption::Settings,
-            "Settings",
-            "Audio, animations, theme, draw mode, and sync.",
-        ),
-        (
-            MenuOption::Leaderboard,
-            "Leaderboard",
-            "Top players from your sync server. Opt in from Profile.",
-        ),
-    ];
-
-    // Same upward-opening placement as ModesPopover.
-    let popover_bottom = Val::Px(ACTION_POPOVER_BOTTOM_PX);
-
-    commands
-        .spawn((
-            MenuPopover,
-            HudPopoverOpen,
-            Node {
-                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-                right: VAL_SPACE_3,
-                bottom: popover_bottom,
-                flex_direction: FlexDirection::Column,
-                row_gap: VAL_SPACE_1,
-                padding: UiRect::all(VAL_SPACE_2),
-                border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_MD)),
-                ..default()
-            },
-            BackgroundColor(BG_ELEVATED),
-            ZIndex(Z_HUD_POPOVER),
-        ))
-        .with_children(|panel| {
-            for (option, label, tooltip) in rows {
-                panel
-                    .spawn((
-                        option,
-                        ActionButton,
-                        PopoverRow,
-                        Button,
-                        Tooltip::new(tooltip),
-                        Node {
-                            padding: UiRect::axes(VAL_SPACE_3, Val::Px(6.0)),
-                            justify_content: JustifyContent::FlexStart,
-                            align_items: AlignItems::Center,
-                            min_width: Val::Px(150.0),
-                            border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_SM)),
-                            ..default()
-                        },
-                        BackgroundColor(ACTION_BTN_IDLE),
-                    ))
-                    .with_children(|b| {
-                        b.spawn((Text::new(label), font.clone(), TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY)));
-                    });
-            }
-        });
-
-    // Transparent fullscreen backdrop behind the popover — tapping anywhere
-    // outside the panel light-dismisses it via handle_menu_backdrop_click.
-    commands.spawn((
-        MenuPopoverBackdrop,
-        Button,
-        Node {
-            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-            left: Val::Px(0.0),
-            top: Val::Px(0.0),
-            width: Val::Percent(100.0),
-            height: Val::Percent(100.0),
-            ..default()
-        },
-        BackgroundColor(Color::NONE),
-        ZIndex(Z_HUD_POPOVER_BACKDROP),
-    ));
-}
-
-/// Dispatches the click on a menu row to the matching toggle event,
-/// then despawns the popover.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn handle_menu_option_click(
-    interaction_query: Query<(&Interaction, &MenuOption), Changed<Interaction>>,
-    popovers: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopover>>,
-    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>>,
-    mut stats: MessageWriter<ToggleStatsRequestEvent>,
-    mut achievements: MessageWriter<ToggleAchievementsRequestEvent>,
-    mut profile: MessageWriter<ToggleProfileRequestEvent>,
-    mut settings: MessageWriter<ToggleSettingsRequestEvent>,
-    mut leaderboard: MessageWriter<ToggleLeaderboardRequestEvent>,
-    mut help: MessageWriter<HelpRequestEvent>,
-    progress: Option<Res<ProgressResource>>,
-    daily: Option<Res<DailyChallengeResource>>,
-    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let mut clicked_any = false;
-    let mut open_modes = false;
-    for (interaction, option) in &interaction_query {
-        if *interaction != Interaction::Pressed {
-            continue;
-        }
-        clicked_any = true;
-        match option {
-            MenuOption::Help => {
-                help.write(HelpRequestEvent);
-            }
-            MenuOption::Modes => {
-                open_modes = true;
-            }
-            MenuOption::Stats => {
-                stats.write(ToggleStatsRequestEvent);
-            }
-            MenuOption::Achievements => {
-                achievements.write(ToggleAchievementsRequestEvent);
-            }
-            MenuOption::Profile => {
-                profile.write(ToggleProfileRequestEvent);
-            }
-            MenuOption::Settings => {
-                settings.write(ToggleSettingsRequestEvent);
-            }
-            MenuOption::Leaderboard => {
-                leaderboard.write(ToggleLeaderboardRequestEvent);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if clicked_any && let Ok(entity) = popovers.single() {
-        commands.entity(entity).despawn();
-        for e in &backdrops {
-            commands.entity(e).despawn();
-        }
-    }
-    if open_modes {
-        spawn_modes_popover(
-            &mut commands,
-            progress.as_deref(),
-            daily.as_deref(),
-            font_res.as_deref(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-/// Despawns the [`ModesPopover`] and its backdrop when Escape / Android back
-/// is pressed while the popover is open. Runs so `PausePlugin`'s guard (which
-/// checks [`HudPopoverOpen`]) sees an empty world and stays idle.
-fn close_modes_popover_on_escape(
-    keys: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
-    popovers: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopover>>,
-    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    if !keys.just_pressed(KeyCode::Escape) || popovers.is_empty() {
-        return;
-    }
-    for e in popovers.iter().chain(backdrops.iter()) {
-        commands.entity(e).despawn();
-    }
-}
-
-/// Despawns the [`MenuPopover`] and its backdrop when Escape / Android back
-/// is pressed while the popover is open.
-fn close_menu_popover_on_escape(
-    keys: Res<ButtonInput<KeyCode>>,
-    popovers: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopover>>,
-    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    if !keys.just_pressed(KeyCode::Escape) || popovers.is_empty() {
-        return;
-    }
-    for e in popovers.iter().chain(backdrops.iter()) {
-        commands.entity(e).despawn();
-    }
-}
-
-/// Despawns the [`ModesPopover`] and its backdrop when the player taps
-/// anywhere outside the panel.
-fn handle_modes_backdrop_click(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    popovers: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopover>>,
-    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<ModesPopoverBackdrop>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let pressed = interaction_query.iter().any(|i| *i == Interaction::Pressed);
-    if !pressed {
-        return;
-    }
-    for e in popovers.iter().chain(backdrops.iter()) {
-        commands.entity(e).despawn();
-    }
-}
-
-/// Despawns the [`MenuPopover`] and its backdrop when the player taps
-/// anywhere outside the panel (i.e. the transparent backdrop is pressed).
-fn handle_menu_backdrop_click(
-    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
-    popovers: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopover>>,
-    backdrops: Query<Entity, With<MenuPopoverBackdrop>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let pressed = interaction_query.iter().any(|i| *i == Interaction::Pressed);
-    if !pressed {
-        return;
-    }
-    for e in popovers.iter().chain(backdrops.iter()) {
-        commands.entity(e).despawn();
-    }
-}
-
-/// Auto-fade state for the action button bar. The bar fades out when
-/// the cursor is in the play area (below the HUD band) and back in when
-/// the cursor approaches the top of the window — same UX as a video
-/// player's auto-hide controls. Buttons remain fully interactive when
-/// visible; when faded out they're geometrically out of cursor reach
-/// (hover requires the cursor to be on a button), so no extra
-/// pointer-events guard is needed.
-#[derive(Resource, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct HudActionFade {
-    /// Currently displayed alpha. Lerped toward `target` each frame.
-    pub alpha: f32,
-    /// Where `alpha` is heading — 0.0 (faded out) or 1.0 (visible).
-    pub target: f32,
-}
-
-impl Default for HudActionFade {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        // Start visible so the player sees the controls on first launch
-        // before they've moved the cursor anywhere.
-        Self {
-            alpha: 1.0,
-            target: 1.0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// How many pixels from the bottom edge the cursor must be to reveal the bar.
-/// Set slightly taller than `HUD_BAND_HEIGHT` so the bar fades in as the
-/// cursor approaches, not only when it crosses into the band itself.
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
-const ACTION_FADE_REVEAL_PX: f32 = HUD_BAND_HEIGHT + 32.0;
-
-/// Lerp rate for fading (per second). 6.0 ≈ 167 ms for a full
-/// transition — fast enough to feel responsive without flashing on
-/// brief cursor wanders into the reveal zone.
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
-const ACTION_FADE_RATE_PER_SEC: f32 = 6.0;
-
-/// Updates the fade state from cursor position. Sets `target = 1.0` if
-/// the cursor is in the reveal zone (bottom of window) or off-screen
-/// (player is using keyboard); `0.0` otherwise. Lerps `alpha` toward
-/// `target` at a fixed rate so the visual transition is smooth across
-/// variable framerates.
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
-fn update_action_fade(windows: Query<&Window>, time: Res<Time>, mut fade: ResMut<HudActionFade>) {
-    let Ok(window) = windows.single() else {
-        return;
-    };
-    let height = window.resolution.height();
-    fade.target = match window.cursor_position() {
-        Some(pos) if pos.y >= height - ACTION_FADE_REVEAL_PX => 1.0,
-        Some(_) => 0.0,
-        // Off-window cursor: assume keyboard navigation and keep the
-        // bar visible so Tab cycling doesn't lead to invisible focus.
-        None => 1.0,
-    };
-
-    let dt = time.delta_secs();
-    let max_step = ACTION_FADE_RATE_PER_SEC * dt;
-    let diff = fade.target - fade.alpha;
-    fade.alpha = (fade.alpha + diff.clamp(-max_step, max_step)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-}
-
-/// Applies the current fade alpha to every action button's
-/// `BackgroundColor` and to its child label / hotkey-chip text. Runs in
-/// `Last` (after `paint_action_buttons`) so a hover-state change in the
-/// same frame doesn't override the fade with an opaque idle / hover
-/// colour.
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
-#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-fn apply_action_fade(
-    fade: Res<HudActionFade>,
-    // Excludes `PopoverRow` so the auto-fade only applies to the
-    // top-level action bar buttons. Popover rows live inside an
-    // explicitly-opened dropdown panel and need to stay visible
-    // regardless of the bar's fade state — without the exclusion
-    // the rows fade to invisible while the popover container stays
-    // visible, leaving a solid background block with no readable
-    // content.
-    mut buttons: Query<
-        (&Children, &mut BackgroundColor),
-        (With<ActionButton>, Without<PopoverRow>),
-    >,
-    mut text_q: Query<&mut TextColor>,
-) {
-    for (children, mut bg) in &mut buttons {
-        let mut c = bg.0;
-        c.set_alpha(fade.alpha);
-        bg.0 = c;
-        for child in children.iter() {
-            if let Ok(mut tc) = text_q.get_mut(child) {
-                let mut cc = tc.0;
-                cc.set_alpha(fade.alpha);
-                tc.0 = cc;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Visual feedback for every action button — paints idle / hover / pressed
-/// states by mutating `BackgroundColor` whenever the interaction state
-/// changes. One query covers all action buttons via the shared
-/// `ActionButton` marker.
-#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
-fn paint_action_buttons(
-    mut buttons: Query<
-        (&Interaction, &mut BackgroundColor),
-        (With<ActionButton>, Changed<Interaction>),
-    >,
-) {
-    for (interaction, mut bg) in &mut buttons {
-        bg.0 = match interaction {
-            Interaction::Pressed => ACTION_BTN_PRESSED,
-            Interaction::Hovered => ACTION_BTN_HOVER,
-            Interaction::None => ACTION_BTN_IDLE,
-        };
-    }
-}
-
-/// Formats a time-limit value in seconds as `"mm:ss"` for HUD display.
-///
-/// For example `format_time_limit(300)` returns `"5:00"`.
-pub fn format_time_limit(secs: u64) -> String {
-    let m = secs / 60;
-    let s = secs % 60;
-    format!("{m}:{s:02}")
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Score-change feedback (G2)
-//
-// The flow for each Update tick:
-//   1. `detect_score_change` diffs `GameStateResource.score` against
-//      `PreviousScore`. On any positive delta it inserts/refreshes
-//      `ScorePulse` on the score readout; on a delta ≥
-//      `SCORE_FLOATER_THRESHOLD` it also spawns a floating "+N" UI text
-//      anchored just below the score.
-//   2. `advance_score_pulse` ticks the pulse component, applies the
-//      triangular 1.0 → 1.1 → 1.0 scale curve, and removes the
-//      component on completion.
-//   3. `advance_score_floater` drifts each floater upward, fades it to
-//      transparent, and despawns it when its lifetime expires.
-//
-// The threshold of 50 (a foundation promotion's typical bonus) keeps
-// floaters rare and meaningful — see `SCORE_FLOATER_THRESHOLD`.
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/// Triangular 1.0 → 1.1 → 1.0 curve used by the score pulse. Pure
-/// function so the test suite can assert on the curve directly
-/// without spinning up a Bevy app.
-///
-/// The brief proposed `if t < 0.5 { 1.0 + 0.2*t } else { 1.2 - 0.2*(t-0.5) }`,
-/// but that yields a discontinuity at t=0.5 (jumps from 1.1 → 1.2) and
-/// ends at 1.1 instead of 1.0. The corrected form below preserves the
-/// intent ("1.0 → 1.1 → 1.0 over the duration") with a continuous
-/// triangle peaking at 1.1.
-fn score_pulse_scale(t: f32) -> f32 {
-    let clamped = t.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-    if clamped < 0.5 {
-        1.0 + 0.2 * clamped
-    } else {
-        1.1 - 0.2 * (clamped - 0.5)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Vertical pixels the floating "+N" drifts up over its lifetime.
-const FLOATER_DRIFT_PX: f32 = 40.0;
-
-/// Diffs the current `GameStateResource.score` against
-/// [`PreviousScore`]. On a positive delta:
-///
-/// - Inserts (or refreshes) a [`ScorePulse`] on every [`HudScore`] entity
-///   so the readout pulses 1.0 → 1.1 → 1.0.
-/// - When the delta is ≥ [`SCORE_FLOATER_THRESHOLD`], spawns a floating
-///   "+N" UI text in `ACCENT_PRIMARY` anchored just below the score
-///   readout (see the doc comment on [`ScoreFloater`] for why this is a
-///   UI Node rather than a `Text2d`).
-fn detect_score_change(
-    game: Res<GameStateResource>,
-    settings: Option<Res<SettingsResource>>,
-    mut prev: ResMut<PreviousScore>,
-    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
-    score_q: Query<Entity, With<HudScore>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let current = game.0.score();
-    let delta = current - prev.0;
-    prev.0 = current;
-    if delta <= 0 {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let reduce_motion = settings.as_deref().is_some_and(|s| s.0.reduce_motion_mode);
-    if reduce_motion {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let speed = settings
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|s| s.0.animation_speed)
-        .unwrap_or_default();
-    let pulse_secs = scaled_duration(MOTION_SCORE_PULSE_SECS, speed);
-    let floater_secs = scaled_duration(MOTION_SCORE_PULSE_SECS * 2.0, speed);
-
-    // Refresh ScorePulse on every score readout entity (in practice
-    // there's exactly one, but iterating is cheaper than asserting).
-    for entity in &score_q {
-        commands.entity(entity).insert(ScorePulse {
-            elapsed: 0.0,
-            duration: pulse_secs,
-        });
-    }
-
-    if delta < SCORE_FLOATER_THRESHOLD {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    let font = TextFont {
-        font: font_res.as_ref().map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
-        font_size: TYPE_BODY_LG,
-        ..default()
-    };
-    // Spawned as an absolutely-positioned UI Node so the floater rides
-    // the same screen-coordinate system as the score readout. Using a
-    // `Text2d` here would require translating UI layout coordinates to
-    // world space every frame; a UI node piggybacks on the same
-    // anchoring `update_hud` already uses for the score and stays
-    // testable under `MinimalPlugins`.
-    commands.spawn((
-        ScoreFloater {
-            elapsed: 0.0,
-            duration: floater_secs,
-        },
-        Node {
-            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
-            // Anchored next to the HUD column; matches the
-            // `spawn_hud` left/top offsets so the floater appears
-            // overlaid on the score line and drifts up from there.
-            left: VAL_SPACE_3,
-            top: Val::Px(0.0),
-            ..default()
-        },
-        ZIndex(Z_HUD_TOP),
-        Text::new(format!("+{delta}")),
-        font,
-        TextColor(ACCENT_PRIMARY),
-    ));
-}
-
-/// Advances every [`ScorePulse`], scaling its entity's `Transform`
-/// using [`score_pulse_scale`]. Removes the component once
-/// `elapsed >= duration` (or immediately under
-/// [`AnimSpeed::Instant`](solitaire_data::AnimSpeed) where duration is
-/// 0) and pins the scale back to 1.0 so no float drift survives.
-fn advance_score_pulse(
-    time: Res<Time>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-    mut q: Query<(Entity, &mut ScorePulse, &mut Transform)>,
-) {
-    let dt = time.delta_secs();
-    for (entity, mut pulse, mut transform) in &mut q {
-        let t = if pulse.duration <= 0.0 {
-            1.0
-        } else {
-            pulse.elapsed += dt;
-            (pulse.elapsed / pulse.duration).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
-        };
-        let scale = score_pulse_scale(t);
-        transform.scale = Vec3::new(scale, scale, 1.0);
-        if t >= 1.0 {
-            transform.scale = Vec3::ONE;
-            commands.entity(entity).remove::<ScorePulse>();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Advances every [`ScoreFloater`]: drifts the node upward by up to
-/// [`FLOATER_DRIFT_PX`] and fades the text colour to transparent over
-/// its lifetime. Despawns the entity once `elapsed >= duration`.
-fn advance_score_floater(
-    time: Res<Time>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-    mut nodes: Query<(Entity, &mut ScoreFloater, &mut Node, &mut TextColor)>,
-) {
-    let dt = time.delta_secs();
-    for (entity, mut floater, mut node, mut color) in &mut nodes {
-        let t = if floater.duration <= 0.0 {
-            1.0
-        } else {
-            floater.elapsed += dt;
-            (floater.elapsed / floater.duration).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
-        };
-        // Drift upward: top decreases as t grows. Starting top=0 keeps
-        // the floater on the score line; ending at -FLOATER_DRIFT_PX
-        // pulls it up off the readout.
-        node.top = Val::Px(-FLOATER_DRIFT_PX * t);
-        // Linear fade: ACCENT_PRIMARY at t=0 → fully transparent at t=1.
-        let mut c = ACCENT_PRIMARY;
-        c.set_alpha(1.0 - t);
-        color.0 = c;
-        if t >= 1.0 {
-            commands.entity(entity).despawn();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Streak-milestone flourish
-//
-// Per the 2026-04-30 UX overhaul plan, the foundation flourish is the per-suit
-// completion celebration; the streak flourish is its lifetime equivalent —
-// when the player's `win_streak_current` crosses 3, 5, or 10, the HUD score
-// readout pulses larger than a normal score-change pulse and tints magenta
-// (`ACCENT_SECONDARY`) before snapping back to its resting state.
-//
-// Why the score readout: there is no always-on streak number on the HUD
-// today (the readout lives in the Stats overlay), and the score is the
-// most prominent always-visible HUD figure. The accompanying `InfoToastEvent`
-// fired by `stats_plugin` carries the explicit "Win streak: N!" text so a
-// player who isn't watching the score still sees the celebration land.
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/// Pure helper for unit tests — returns the per-frame scale factor for
-/// the streak flourish at `elapsed_secs` over `duration_secs`.
-///
-/// Triangular curve, mirroring [`foundation_flourish_scale`](crate::feedback_anim_plugin::foundation_flourish_scale):
-/// at `t = 0.0` returns `1.0`, at `t = 0.5` returns
-/// [`STREAK_FLOURISH_PEAK_SCALE`], at `t = 1.0` returns `1.0`.
-/// Out-of-range values are clamped so the score readout never freezes
-/// at a non-1.0 scale on the frame after the flourish ends.
-///
-/// Returns `1.0` whenever `duration_secs <= 0.0` so callers running
-/// under `AnimSpeed::Instant` (zeroed durations) skip the flourish
-/// without dividing by zero.
-pub fn streak_flourish_scale(elapsed_secs: f32, duration_secs: f32) -> f32 {
-    if duration_secs <= 0.0 {
-        return 1.0;
-    }
-    let t = (elapsed_secs / duration_secs).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-    let peak = STREAK_FLOURISH_PEAK_SCALE;
-    if t < 0.5 {
-        // Climb from 1.0 at t=0 to peak at t=0.5.
-        1.0 + (peak - 1.0) * (t / 0.5)
-    } else {
-        // Descend from peak at t=0.5 back to 1.0 at t=1.0.
-        peak - (peak - 1.0) * ((t - 0.5) / 0.5)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Inserts a [`StreakFlourish`] on every [`HudScore`] entity when a
-/// [`WinStreakMilestoneEvent`] fires. Captures the readout's current
-/// `TextColor` so `advance_streak_flourish` can restore it when the
-/// timer expires; reuses any existing flourish's `original_color` so
-/// re-entering the system mid-flourish doesn't snapshot the magenta
-/// tint as the new "original".
-///
-/// Removes any concurrent [`ScorePulse`] from the same entity so the
-/// flourish takes over the scale slot cleanly — score pulses last
-/// 250 ms, the flourish 600 ms, and the streak crossing always
-/// coincides with a positive score delta, so the flourish is the
-/// louder of the two celebrations.
-fn start_streak_flourish(
-    mut events: MessageReader<WinStreakMilestoneEvent>,
-    settings: Option<Res<SettingsResource>>,
-    score_q: Query<(Entity, &TextColor, Option<&StreakFlourish>), With<HudScore>>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-) {
-    let Some(latest) = events.read().last() else {
-        return;
-    };
-    if settings.as_deref().is_some_and(|s| s.0.reduce_motion_mode) {
-        return;
-    }
-    let speed = settings
-        .as_ref()
-        .map(|s| s.0.animation_speed)
-        .unwrap_or_default();
-    let duration = scaled_duration(MOTION_STREAK_FLOURISH_SECS, speed);
-    for (entity, color, existing) in &score_q {
-        let original_color = existing.map_or(color.0, |f| f.original_color);
-        commands
-            .entity(entity)
-            .remove::<ScorePulse>()
-            .insert(StreakFlourish {
-                streak: latest.streak,
-                elapsed: 0.0,
-                duration,
-                original_color,
-            });
-    }
-}
-
-/// Advances every [`StreakFlourish`], scaling its entity's `Transform`
-/// using [`streak_flourish_scale`] and lerping the `TextColor` toward
-/// [`ACCENT_SECONDARY`] for the first half then back to the captured
-/// `original_color`. Removes the component once `elapsed >= duration`
-/// (or immediately under [`AnimSpeed::Instant`](solitaire_data::AnimSpeed)
-/// where duration is 0) and pins the scale back to 1.0 / restores the
-/// original colour so no half-state is ever shown.
-///
-/// Filtered with `Without<ScorePulse>` so the streak flourish never
-/// races a score pulse for the same `Transform.scale` slot —
-/// `start_streak_flourish` strips any concurrent `ScorePulse` from the
-/// score entity before this system runs, so the filter is purely a
-/// belt-and-braces invariant.
-fn advance_streak_flourish(
-    time: Res<Time>,
-    mut commands: Commands,
-    mut q: Query<
-        (Entity, &mut StreakFlourish, &mut Transform, &mut TextColor),
-        Without<ScorePulse>,
-    >,
-) {
-    let dt = time.delta_secs();
-    for (entity, mut anim, mut transform, mut color) in &mut q {
-        let t = if anim.duration <= 0.0 {
-            1.0
-        } else {
-            anim.elapsed += dt;
-            (anim.elapsed / anim.duration).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
-        };
-        let scale = streak_flourish_scale(anim.elapsed, anim.duration);
-        transform.scale = Vec3::new(scale, scale, 1.0);
-        // Tint mix: full magenta at t=0..=0.5, fades back to the
-        // original colour over t=0.5..=1.0.
-        let mix = if t < 0.5 { 1.0 } else { 1.0 - (t - 0.5) / 0.5 };
-        color.0 = lerp_text_color(anim.original_color, ACCENT_SECONDARY, mix);
-        if t >= 1.0 {
-            transform.scale = Vec3::ONE;
-            color.0 = anim.original_color;
-            commands.entity(entity).remove::<StreakFlourish>();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// sRGB-space linear interpolation between two `Color`s — small local
-/// helper so `advance_streak_flourish` stays readable. sRGB-space
-/// lerping is fine for a brief decorative tint (a perceptually-uniform
-/// space would be overkill).
-fn lerp_text_color(from: Color, to: Color, t: f32) -> Color {
-    let from = from.to_srgba();
-    let to = to.to_srgba();
-    let t = t.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-    Color::srgba(
-        from.red + (to.red - from.red) * t,
-        from.green + (to.green - from.green) * t,
-        from.blue + (to.blue - from.blue) * t,
-        from.alpha + (to.alpha - from.alpha) * t,
-    )
-}
-
-/// Sets the [`HudWonPreviously`] text to "✓ Won before" whenever the
-/// current deal's seed + draw_mode + mode triple matches an entry in
-/// the rolling [`ReplayHistory`]. Cleared while the active game is won
-/// (the on-screen "Game won!" cue already conveys victory) and on
-/// fresh deals the player hasn't won before.
-///
-/// Lives in its own system rather than `update_hud` to keep this
-/// orthogonal: `update_hud`'s query disambiguation is already busy
-/// enough; threading another marker through every Without filter
-/// would touch ~10 unrelated queries for no benefit.
-fn update_won_previously(
-    game: Res<GameStateResource>,
-    // Optional because the HUD plugin's headless tests run without
-    // `StatsPlugin` and therefore without this resource. With the
-    // resource absent there's no history to compare against; the
-    // indicator just stays empty.
-    history: Option<Res<crate::stats_plugin::ReplayHistoryResource>>,
-    mut q: Query<&mut Text, With<HudWonPreviously>>,
-) {
-    let Ok(mut text) = q.single_mut() else {
-        return;
-    };
-    let won_before = !game.0.is_won()
-        && history.as_ref().is_some_and(|h| {
-            h.0.replays.iter().any(|r| {
-                r.seed == game.0.seed && r.draw_mode == game.0.draw_mode() && r.mode == game.0.mode
-            })
-        });
-    let next = if won_before {
-        "\u{2713} Won before"
-    } else {
-        ""
-    };
-    if text.0 != next {
-        text.0 = next.to_string();
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::type_complexity, clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn update_hud(
-    game: Res<GameStateResource>,
-    time_attack: Option<Res<TimeAttackResource>>,
-    daily: Option<Res<DailyChallengeResource>>,
-    auto_complete: Option<Res<AutoCompleteState>>,
-    mut score_q: Query<
-        &mut Text,
-        (
-            With<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-    mut moves_q: Query<
-        &mut Text,
-        (
-            With<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-    mut time_q: Query<
-        &mut Text,
-        (
-            With<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-    mut mode_q: Query<
-        &mut Text,
-        (
-            With<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-    mut challenge_q: Query<
-        (&mut Text, &mut TextColor),
-        (
-            With<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-    mut undos_q: Query<
-        (&mut Text, &mut TextColor),
-        (
-            With<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-    mut auto_q: Query<
-        &mut Text,
-        (
-            With<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-    mut recycles_q: Query<
-        &mut Text,
-        (
-            With<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-    mut draw_cycle_q: Query<
-        &mut Text,
-        (
-            With<HudDrawCycle>,
-            Without<HudScore>,
-            Without<HudMoves>,
-            Without<HudTime>,
-            Without<HudMode>,
-            Without<HudChallenge>,
-            Without<HudUndos>,
-            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
-            Without<HudRecycles>,
-            Without<HudSelection>,
-        ),
-    >,
-) {
-    let ta_active = time_attack.as_ref().is_some_and(|ta| ta.active);
-
-    // Score, moves, mode, challenge, and undos only need updating when game state changes.
-    if game.is_changed() {
-        let g = &game.0;
-        let is_zen = g.mode == GameMode::Zen;
-        if let Ok(mut t) = score_q.single_mut() {
-            // Zen mode suppresses score display per spec ("No score display").
-            **t = if is_zen {
-                String::new()
-            } else {
-                format!("Score: {}", g.score())
-            };
-        }
-        if let Ok(mut t) = moves_q.single_mut() {
-            **t = format!("Moves: {}", g.move_count());
-        }
-        if let Ok(mut t) = mode_q.single_mut() {
-            **t = match g.mode {
-                GameMode::Classic => match g.draw_mode() {
-                    DrawStockConfig::DrawOne => String::new(),
-                    DrawStockConfig::DrawThree => "Draw 3".to_string(),
-                },
-                GameMode::Zen => "ZEN".to_string(),
-                GameMode::Challenge => "CHALLENGE".to_string(),
-                GameMode::TimeAttack => "TIME ATTACK".to_string(),
-                GameMode::Difficulty(level) => level.label().to_uppercase(),
-            };
-        }
-
-        // --- Daily challenge constraint (with time-low colour warning) ---
-        if let Ok((mut t, mut color)) = challenge_q.single_mut() {
-            if g.is_won() {
-                **t = String::new();
-            } else if let Some(dc) = daily.as_deref() {
-                **t = challenge_hud_text(dc);
-                if let Some(max_secs) = dc.max_time_secs {
-                    let remaining = max_secs.saturating_sub(g.elapsed_seconds);
-                    *color = TextColor(challenge_time_color(remaining));
-                }
-            } else {
-                **t = String::new();
-            }
-        }
-
-        // --- Undo count ---
-        if let Ok((mut t, mut color)) = undos_q.single_mut() {
-            let count = g.undo_count();
-            if count == 0 {
-                **t = String::new();
-                *color = TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY);
-            } else {
-                **t = format!("Undos: {count}");
-                // STATE_WARNING signals "you took a penalty" — same hue
-                // as the Recycles counter so they read as one category.
-                *color = TextColor(STATE_WARNING);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // --- Recycle counter (both modes, hidden until first recycle) ---
-        if let Ok(mut t) = recycles_q.single_mut() {
-            **t = if g.recycle_count() > 0 {
-                format!("Recycles: {}", g.recycle_count())
-            } else {
-                String::new()
-            };
-        }
-
-        // --- Draw-cycle indicator (Draw-Three mode only) ---
-        if let Ok(mut t) = draw_cycle_q.single_mut() {
-            **t = if g.is_won() || g.draw_mode() != DrawStockConfig::DrawThree {
-                // Hide when not in Draw-Three or after the game is won.
-                String::new()
-            } else {
-                let stock_len = g.stock_cards().len();
-                let next_draw = stock_len.min(3);
-                format!("Cycle: {next_draw}/3")
-            };
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Time display: show Time Attack countdown every frame when active;
-    // Zen mode suppresses the timer per spec ("No timer") — cleared unconditionally
-    // every frame so it disappears immediately on the frame Z is pressed.
-    // Otherwise show game elapsed time (updates once per second via game.is_changed()).
-    let is_zen = game.0.mode == GameMode::Zen;
-    let update_time = (ta_active || game.is_changed()) && !is_zen;
-    if update_time {
-        if let Ok(mut t) = time_q.single_mut() {
-            if let Some(ta) = time_attack.as_ref().filter(|ta| ta.active) {
-                let remaining = ta.remaining_secs.max(0.0) as u64;
-                let m = remaining / 60;
-                let s = remaining % 60;
-                **t = format!("{m}:{s:02}");
-            } else {
-                let secs = game.0.elapsed_seconds;
-                let m = secs / 60;
-                let s = secs % 60;
-                **t = format!("{m}:{s:02}");
-            }
-        }
-    } else if is_zen {
-        // Clear the time display immediately whenever Zen mode is active —
-        // do not guard on game.is_changed() so it clears on the same frame
-        // the player presses Z, before any move is made.
-        if let Ok(mut t) = time_q.single_mut() {
-            **t = String::new();
-        }
-    }
-
-    // --- Auto-complete badge ---
-    // Reflects the AutoCompleteState resource; update whenever it changes or game changes.
-    let ac_active = auto_complete.as_ref().is_some_and(|ac| ac.active);
-    let ac_changed = auto_complete.as_ref().is_some_and(|ac| ac.is_changed());
-    if (ac_changed || game.is_changed())
-        && let Ok(mut t) = auto_q.single_mut()
-    {
-        **t = if ac_active {
-            "AUTO".to_string()
-        } else {
-            String::new()
-        };
-    }
-}
-
-/// Updates the `HudSelection` text node to show which pile is Tab-selected.
-///
-/// Displays `"▶ {pile_name}"` while `SelectionState::selected_pile` is `Some`,
-/// or an empty string when no pile is selected. Runs every frame so the
-/// indicator stays in sync with the selection resource.
-fn update_selection_hud(
-    selection: Option<Res<SelectionState>>,
-    game: Option<Res<GameStateResource>>,
-    mut q: Query<&mut Text, With<HudSelection>>,
-) {
-    let Ok(mut t) = q.single_mut() else { return };
-    let label = match selection.as_deref().and_then(|s| s.selected_pile.as_ref()) {
-        None => String::new(),
-        Some(KlondikePile::Stock) => "▶ Waste".to_string(),
-        Some(KlondikePile::Foundation(slot)) => match game.as_deref() {
-            Some(g) => foundation_selection_label(*slot, &g.0),
-            // No game resource means we can't probe claimed_suit; show the
-            // slot-based placeholder so the HUD still surfaces the selection.
-            None => format!("▶ Foundation {}", foundation_number(*slot)),
-        },
-        Some(KlondikePile::Tableau(idx)) => format!("▶ Column {}", tableau_number(*idx)),
-    };
-    **t = label;
-}
-
-/// Returns the HUD selection label for a foundation slot.
-///
-/// When the slot has a claimed suit (any card has landed) the announcement is
-/// "▶ {Suit} Foundation"; while the slot is empty it falls back to a
-/// "▶ Foundation N" placeholder labelled by the 1-based slot index.
-fn foundation_selection_label(
-    slot: Foundation,
-    game: &solitaire_core::game_state::GameState,
-) -> String {
-    let claimed = game
-        .pile(KlondikePile::Foundation(slot))
-        .first()
-        .map(|c| c.0.suit());
-    match claimed {
-        Some(suit) => {
-            let s = match suit {
-                Suit::Clubs => "Clubs",
-                Suit::Diamonds => "Diamonds",
-                Suit::Hearts => "Hearts",
-                Suit::Spades => "Spades",
-            };
-            format!("▶ {s} Foundation")
-        }
-        None => format!("▶ Foundation {}", foundation_number(slot)),
-    }
-}
-
-const fn foundation_number(foundation: Foundation) -> u8 {
-    match foundation {
-        Foundation::Foundation1 => 1,
-        Foundation::Foundation2 => 2,
-        Foundation::Foundation3 => 3,
-        Foundation::Foundation4 => 4,
-    }
-}
-
-const fn tableau_number(tableau: Tableau) -> u8 {
-    match tableau {
-        Tableau::Tableau1 => 1,
-        Tableau::Tableau2 => 2,
-        Tableau::Tableau3 => 3,
-        Tableau::Tableau4 => 4,
-        Tableau::Tableau5 => 5,
-        Tableau::Tableau6 => 6,
-        Tableau::Tableau7 => 7,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Fires `InfoToastEvent("Auto-completing...")` exactly once each time
-/// `AutoCompleteState` transitions from inactive to active. Uses a `Local<bool>`
-/// to debounce so the toast only appears on the leading edge.
-fn announce_auto_complete(
-    auto_complete: Option<Res<AutoCompleteState>>,
-    mut toast: MessageWriter<InfoToastEvent>,
-    mut was_active: Local<bool>,
-) {
-    let now_active = auto_complete.as_ref().is_some_and(|ac| ac.active);
-    if now_active && !*was_active {
-        toast.write(InfoToastEvent("Auto-completing...".to_string()));
-    }
-    *was_active = now_active;
-}
-
-/// Builds the HUD text for the active daily challenge constraints.
-///
-/// Returns `"Limit: mm:ss"` when a time limit is set, `"Goal: N pts"` when a
-/// score target is set, or an empty string when the challenge has no extra
-/// constraints.
-fn challenge_hud_text(dc: &DailyChallengeResource) -> String {
-    if let Some(secs) = dc.max_time_secs {
-        format!("Limit: {}", format_time_limit(secs))
-    } else if let Some(score) = dc.target_score {
-        format!("Goal: {score} pts")
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns the colour for the challenge time-limit HUD label based on
-/// seconds remaining. Uses theme tokens so the urgency ramp picks up
-/// palette changes for free.
-///
-/// | Remaining   | Token            |
-/// |-------------|------------------|
-/// | ≥ 60 s      | `STATE_INFO`     |
-/// | 30 – 59 s   | `STATE_WARNING`  |
-/// | < 30 s      | `STATE_DANGER`   |
-pub fn challenge_time_color(remaining: u64) -> Color {
-    if remaining < 30 {
-        STATE_DANGER
-    } else if remaining < 60 {
-        STATE_WARNING
-    } else {
-        STATE_INFO
-    }
-}
-
-/// Scales HUD Tier-1 font sizes to fit a narrow viewport.
-///
-/// Fires on every `WindowResized` event. Below 480 logical pixels wide the
-/// score drops from `TYPE_HEADLINE` (26 px) to `TYPE_BODY_LG` (18 px) and the
-/// Moves/Timer labels drop from `TYPE_BODY_LG` to `TYPE_CAPTION` (11 px), so
-/// all three items remain on one row inside the 50 %-wide HUD column
-/// (≈ 180 dp on a 360 dp phone).  At ≥ 480 px the original sizes are
-/// restored so desktop/tablet layouts are unaffected.
-type HudScoreFont<'w, 's> =
-    Query<'w, 's, &'static mut TextFont, (With<HudScore>, Without<HudMoves>, Without<HudTime>)>;
-type HudMovesFont<'w, 's> =
-    Query<'w, 's, &'static mut TextFont, (With<HudMoves>, Without<HudScore>, Without<HudTime>)>;
-type HudTimeFont<'w, 's> =
-    Query<'w, 's, &'static mut TextFont, (With<HudTime>, Without<HudScore>, Without<HudMoves>)>;
-
-fn update_hud_typography(
-    mut events: MessageReader<WindowResized>,
-    mut score_q: HudScoreFont,
-    mut moves_q: HudMovesFont,
-    mut time_q: HudTimeFont,
-) {
-    let Some(ev) = events.read().last() else {
-        return;
-    };
-    let (score_size, secondary_size) = if ev.width < 480.0 {
-        (TYPE_BODY_LG, TYPE_CAPTION)
-    } else {
-        (TYPE_HEADLINE, TYPE_BODY_LG)
-    };
-    for mut font in &mut score_q {
-        font.font_size = score_size;
-    }
-    for mut font in &mut moves_q {
-        font.font_size = secondary_size;
-    }
-    for mut font in &mut time_q {
-        font.font_size = secondary_size;
-    }
-}
-
-fn apply_hud_visibility(
-    hud_vis: Res<HudVisibility>,
-    mut action_bar: Query<&mut Visibility, With<HudActionBar>>,
-) {
-    if !hud_vis.is_changed() {
-        return;
-    }
-    let v = if *hud_vis == HudVisibility::Visible {
-        Visibility::Visible
-    } else {
-        Visibility::Hidden
-    };
-    for mut vis in &mut action_bar {
-        *vis = v;
-    }
-    // The bottom action bar is a pure overlay — it does not claim any
-    // space in the card layout, so no WindowResized event is needed.
-}
-
-fn restore_hud_on_modal(
-    new_scrims: Query<(), (With<ModalScrim>, Added<ModalScrim>)>,
-    mut hud_vis: ResMut<HudVisibility>,
-) {
-    if !new_scrims.is_empty() {
-        *hud_vis = HudVisibility::Visible;
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns the action-bar label font size for a given logical window width.
-fn action_bar_font_size(window_width: f32) -> f32 {
-    if USE_TOUCH_UI_LAYOUT {
-        // Seven word-labels ("Menu","Undo","Pause","Help","Hint","Mode","New")
-        // must share one row. The widest characters are in FiraMono (a
-        // monospace whose advance is ~0.62 of the font size). On a 900
-        // logical-px phone the row budget after bar padding (2*12) and six
-        // 4 px column gaps is ~852 px for ~28 label chars + 7*2*3 px button
-        // padding. Solving 28*0.62*size + 42 <= 852 gives size <= ~46, so the
-        // labels are advance-bound only on very narrow viewports; the real
-        // constraint is legibility, not fit. ~1/60 of the width yields ~15 px
-        // at 900 px — comfortably one row with margin to spare — clamped so it
-        // never drops below the 12 px legibility floor or grows past 18 px on
-        // landscape tablets where it would crowd the row again.
-        (window_width / 60.0).clamp(12.0, 18.0)
-    } else {
-        TYPE_BODY
-    }
-}
-
-fn action_button_metrics() -> (UiRect, Val, Val) {
-    if USE_TOUCH_UI_LAYOUT {
-        // Tight 3 px horizontal padding (down from 4) trims 14 px off the row
-        // total across 7 buttons, and a 44 px min_width (down from 52) lets the
-        // shortest labels ("New", "Help") shrink to their text rather than
-        // padding the row out past the 900 logical-px viewport. min_height
-        // stays at 44 px to preserve the comfortable touch target.
-        (
-            UiRect::axes(Val::Px(3.0), Val::Px(4.0)),
-            Val::Px(44.0),
-            Val::Px(44.0),
-        )
-    } else {
-        (
-            UiRect::axes(VAL_SPACE_2, VAL_SPACE_2),
-            Val::Px(48.0),
-            Val::Px(48.0),
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-fn spawn_action_button_label(
-    parent: &mut ChildSpawnerCommands,
-    label: &str,
-    font: &TextFont,
-    text_color: Color,
-) {
-    if USE_TOUCH_UI_LAYOUT {
-        parent.spawn((
-            ActionButtonLabel,
-            Text::new(label),
-            font.clone(),
-            TextColor(text_color),
-        ));
-    } else {
-        parent.spawn((Text::new(label), font.clone(), TextColor(text_color)));
-    }
-}
-
-/// Resizes the glyph text inside every [`ActionButtonLabel`] to match the
-/// current viewport width whenever [`LayoutResource`] changes (orientation
-/// change or window resize).
-#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
-fn resize_action_bar_labels(
-    layout: Res<crate::layout::LayoutResource>,
-    windows: Query<&Window>,
-    mut labels: Query<&mut TextFont, With<ActionButtonLabel>>,
-) {
-    let w = windows
-        .iter()
-        .next()
-        .map_or(layout.0.card_size.x * 7.25, |win| win.width());
-    let new_size = action_bar_font_size(w);
-    for mut font in &mut labels {
-        font.font_size = new_size;
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn toggle_hud_on_tap(
-    mut touch_events: MessageReader<TouchInput>,
-    drag: Res<DragState>,
-    scrims: Query<(), With<ModalScrim>>,
-    paused: Option<Res<PausedResource>>,
-    mut tracker: ResMut<HudTapTracker>,
-    mut hud_vis: ResMut<HudVisibility>,
-    buttons: Query<&Interaction, With<ActionButton>>,
-    mut game_consumed: ResMut<GameInputConsumedResource>,
-) {
-    use bevy::input::touch::TouchPhase;
-    if !scrims.is_empty() || paused.is_some_and(|p| p.0) {
-        // Drain buffered events so they don't replay in the frame after
-        // the scrim despawns, which would trigger a spurious visibility
-        // toggle as the resume/close button tap's Started+Ended pair
-        // replays in the now-scrim-free frame.
-        for _ in touch_events.read() {}
-        tracker.start_pos = None;
-        tracker.started_on_button = false;
-        game_consumed.0 = false;
-        return;
-    }
-    for event in touch_events.read() {
-        match event.phase {
-            TouchPhase::Started => {
-                tracker.start_pos = Some(event.position);
-                // Record whether the finger-down landed on a button so
-                // the finger-up doesn't double-fire (toggle bar + press
-                // button at the same time).
-                tracker.started_on_button = buttons.iter().any(|i| *i != Interaction::None);
-            }
-            TouchPhase::Ended if drag.is_idle() => {
-                // Also treat taps where game logic consumed the touch (e.g.
-                // drawing from stock) as "on button" so they don't toggle
-                // the HUD. The flag is set on TouchPhase::Started by the
-                // input system that consumed the tap and must be cleared here
-                // regardless of whether we toggle.
-                let on_button = tracker.started_on_button || game_consumed.0;
-                game_consumed.0 = false;
-                if let Some(start) = tracker.start_pos.take()
-                    && !on_button
-                    && (event.position - start).length() < HUD_TAP_SLOP_PX
-                {
-                    *hud_vis = match *hud_vis {
-                        HudVisibility::Visible => HudVisibility::Hidden,
-                        HudVisibility::Hidden => HudVisibility::Visible,
-                    };
-                }
-                tracker.started_on_button = false;
-            }
-            // Moved: don't clear start_pos — Android fires Moved for normal
-            // tap jitter, and the distance check at Ended already rejects
-            // real drags. Clearing here would silently swallow tap toggles.
-            TouchPhase::Canceled => {
-                tracker.start_pos = None;
-                tracker.started_on_button = false;
-                game_consumed.0 = false;
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
diff --git a/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/spawn.rs b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/spawn.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e9af21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/spawn.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+//! HUD construction: band, columns, avatar, and action-bar spawning.
+
+use super::*;
+
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use crate::avatar_plugin::AvatarResource;
+
+/// Spawns the invisible HUD band that reserves vertical space at the top of
+/// the screen so the card layout (computed by `layout::compute_layout` using
+/// `HUD_BAND_HEIGHT`) aligns correctly below the score readouts.
+///
+/// The entity carries no `BackgroundColor` — the green felt shows through.
+/// A slim grey background is handled by each content section individually
+/// (the bottom action bar has its own `BG_HUD_BAND` background).
+pub(super) fn spawn_hud_band(mut commands: Commands) {
+    const BASE_TOP: f32 = 0.0;
+    commands.spawn((
+        Node {
+            position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+            top: Val::Px(BASE_TOP),
+            left: Val::Px(0.0),
+            width: Val::Percent(100.0),
+            height: Val::Px(HUD_BAND_HEIGHT),
+            ..default()
+        },
+        ZIndex(Z_HUD - 1),
+        SafeAreaAnchoredTop { base_top: BASE_TOP },
+        HudBand,
+    ));
+}
+
+/// Spawns the in-game HUD as a 4-tier vertical column anchored to the
+/// top-left of the play area.
+///
+/// Tiers (top to bottom):
+///   1. **Primary** — Score (display weight) · Moves · Timer.
+///      Always visible during gameplay.
+///   2. **Mode context** — Mode badge · Daily-challenge constraint ·
+///      Draw-cycle indicator. Each cell is empty when not relevant; the
+///      row collapses visually when all cells are empty.
+///   3. **Penalty / bonus** — Undos · Recycles · Auto-complete badge.
+///      Both penalty counters share `STATE_WARNING` (the audit found
+///      they were inconsistent: Undos amber, Recycles white).
+///   4. **Selection** — keyboard-driven pile selector chip.
+///
+/// The audit identified the original single-row layout (10 readouts in
+/// one horizontal flex row, 5+ colour families competing) as the
+/// player's #1 complaint. This restructure groups by purpose, lets
+/// transient items disappear cleanly, and uses the typography scale to
+/// make Score the visual protagonist.
+pub(super) fn spawn_hud(font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>, mut commands: Commands) {
+    let font_handle = font_res.as_ref().map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+    let font_score = TextFont {
+        font: font_handle.clone(),
+        font_size: TYPE_HEADLINE,
+        ..default()
+    };
+    let font_lg = TextFont {
+        font: font_handle.clone(),
+        font_size: TYPE_BODY_LG,
+        ..default()
+    };
+    let font_body = TextFont {
+        font: font_handle,
+        font_size: TYPE_BODY,
+        ..default()
+    };
+
+    let row_node = || Node {
+        flex_direction: FlexDirection::Row,
+        column_gap: VAL_SPACE_3,
+        // On a narrow viewport the four tier rows (Score/Moves/Timer,
+        // Mode/Challenge/Draw-cycle/Won-previously, Undos/Recycles/
+        // Auto-complete, selection chip) can collectively be wider than
+        // the available space and overflow into the action-button column
+        // on the right. `flex_wrap: Wrap` lets each tier soft-wrap onto
+        // a second line; on a desktop window the rows stay single-line
+        // because the parent column has no width cap and the row never
+        // exceeds the natural line width.
+        flex_wrap: FlexWrap::Wrap,
+        row_gap: VAL_SPACE_1,
+        align_items: AlignItems::Baseline,
+        ..default()
+    };
+
+    commands
+        .spawn((
+            Node {
+                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+                left: VAL_SPACE_3,
+                top: Val::Px(SPACE_2),
+                flex_direction: FlexDirection::Column,
+                // Cap the column at 50% of viewport so on narrow
+                // (mobile) widths the inner tier rows have a bounded
+                // width to wrap against, and the column can't bleed
+                // into the right-anchored action button row (also
+                // capped at 50%). On desktop 50% of 1920 = 960 px,
+                // wider than any tier row's natural width, so the
+                // visible layout is unaffected.
+                max_width: Val::Percent(50.0),
+                row_gap: VAL_SPACE_1,
+                ..default()
+            },
+            ZIndex(Z_HUD),
+            SafeAreaAnchoredTop { base_top: SPACE_2 },
+            HudColumn,
+        ))
+        .with_children(|hud| {
+            // Tier 1 — primary readouts. Score is the protagonist (HEADLINE);
+            // Moves and Timer are supporting context (BODY_LG, secondary tone).
+            hud.spawn(row_node()).with_children(|t1| {
+                t1.spawn((
+                    HudScore,
+                    Tooltip::new("Points earned this game. Hidden in Zen mode."),
+                    Text::new("Score: 0"),
+                    font_score.clone(),
+                    TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY),
+                ));
+                t1.spawn((
+                    HudMoves,
+                    Tooltip::new("Moves you've made this game. Counts placements and stock draws."),
+                    Text::new("Moves: 0"),
+                    font_lg.clone(),
+                    TextColor(TEXT_SECONDARY),
+                ));
+                t1.spawn((
+                    HudTime,
+                    Tooltip::new("Time on this game. Counts down in Time Attack."),
+                    Text::new("0:00"),
+                    font_lg.clone(),
+                    TextColor(TEXT_SECONDARY),
+                ));
+            });
+
+            // Tier 2 — mode context. Each cell is empty until update_hud
+            // populates it (and clears it when no longer relevant), so the
+            // row collapses when nothing in this tier applies.
+            hud.spawn(row_node()).with_children(|t2| {
+                t2.spawn((
+                    HudMode,
+                    Tooltip::new("Active game mode. Click Modes to switch."),
+                    Text::new(""),
+                    font_body.clone(),
+                    TextColor(ACCENT_PRIMARY),
+                ));
+                t2.spawn((
+                    HudChallenge,
+                    Tooltip::new("Today's daily challenge target. Beat it for bonus XP."),
+                    Text::new(""),
+                    font_body.clone(),
+                    TextColor(STATE_INFO),
+                ));
+                t2.spawn((
+                    HudDrawCycle,
+                    Tooltip::new("Cards drawn on the next stock click in Draw-Three."),
+                    Text::new(""),
+                    font_body.clone(),
+                    TextColor(STATE_INFO),
+                ));
+                t2.spawn((
+                    HudWonPreviously,
+                    Tooltip::new("You've won this deal before. Same seed in your replay history."),
+                    Text::new(""),
+                    font_body.clone(),
+                    TextColor(STATE_SUCCESS),
+                ));
+            });
+
+            // Tier 3 — penalty / bonus. Undos and Recycles share the
+            // warning hue so they read as the same category ("you took a
+            // penalty"); the auto-complete badge stays success-green.
+            hud.spawn(row_node()).with_children(|t3| {
+                t3.spawn((
+                    HudUndos,
+                    Tooltip::new("Undos used this game. Any undo blocks the No Undo achievement."),
+                    Text::new(""),
+                    font_body.clone(),
+                    TextColor(STATE_WARNING),
+                ));
+                t3.spawn((
+                    HudRecycles,
+                    Tooltip::new(
+                        "Times you've recycled the stock. Three or more unlocks Comeback.",
+                    ),
+                    Text::new(""),
+                    font_body.clone(),
+                    TextColor(STATE_WARNING),
+                ));
+                t3.spawn((
+                    HudAutoComplete,
+                    Tooltip::new("Board is solvable from here. Press Enter to auto-finish."),
+                    Text::new(""),
+                    font_body.clone(),
+                    TextColor(STATE_SUCCESS),
+                ));
+            });
+
+            // Tier 4 — selection chip. Stays in HUD for now; a future
+            // pass can reposition it next to the selected pile.
+            hud.spawn(row_node()).with_children(|t4| {
+                t4.spawn((
+                    HudSelection,
+                    Tooltip::new("Pile selected with Tab. Use arrows or Enter to act."),
+                    Text::new(""),
+                    font_body,
+                    TextColor(ACCENT_SECONDARY),
+                ));
+            });
+        });
+}
+
+/// Spawns the circular avatar / initials button anchored to the top-right
+/// of the HUD band. Initial content is seeded from whatever resources are
+/// available at startup; `update_hud_avatar` replaces the children whenever
+/// `AvatarResource` or `SettingsResource` later changes.
+pub(super) fn spawn_hud_avatar(
+    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
+    avatar: Option<Res<AvatarResource>>,
+    settings: Option<Res<SettingsResource>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    const SIZE: f32 = 32.0;
+    let id = commands
+        .spawn((
+            HudAvatar,
+            Button,
+            Tooltip::new("Your profile — tap to open."),
+            Node {
+                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+                top: Val::Px(SPACE_2),
+                right: VAL_SPACE_3,
+                width: Val::Px(SIZE),
+                height: Val::Px(SIZE),
+                border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(SIZE / 2.0)),
+                align_items: AlignItems::Center,
+                justify_content: JustifyContent::Center,
+                ..default()
+            },
+            BackgroundColor(ACCENT_PRIMARY),
+            ZIndex(Z_HUD),
+            SafeAreaAnchoredTop { base_top: SPACE_2 },
+        ))
+        .id();
+    spawn_avatar_child(
+        &mut commands,
+        id,
+        avatar.as_deref(),
+        settings.as_deref(),
+        font_res.as_deref(),
+    );
+}
+
+/// Re-spawns the avatar circle content (image or initials) whenever either
+/// [`AvatarResource`] or [`SettingsResource`] changes — covers both the
+/// image arriving after download and the username changing after login.
+pub(super) fn update_hud_avatar(
+    avatar: Option<Res<AvatarResource>>,
+    settings: Option<Res<SettingsResource>>,
+    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
+    q: Query<Entity, With<HudAvatar>>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let avatar_changed = avatar.as_ref().is_some_and(|r| r.is_changed());
+    let settings_changed = settings.as_ref().is_some_and(|r| r.is_changed());
+    if !avatar_changed && !settings_changed {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Ok(entity) = q.single() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    commands.entity(entity).despawn_related::<Children>();
+    spawn_avatar_child(
+        &mut commands,
+        entity,
+        avatar.as_deref(),
+        settings.as_deref(),
+        font_res.as_deref(),
+    );
+}
+
+/// Populates the avatar container with either the downloaded image or an
+/// initials fallback disc. Called from both the startup spawn and the
+/// reactive update system so the rendering logic lives in one place.
+pub(super) fn spawn_avatar_child(
+    commands: &mut Commands,
+    parent: Entity,
+    avatar: Option<&AvatarResource>,
+    settings: Option<&SettingsResource>,
+    font_res: Option<&FontResource>,
+) {
+    const SIZE: f32 = 32.0;
+    if let Some(handle) = avatar.and_then(|a| a.0.clone()) {
+        // Logged-in with a downloaded avatar: keep the accent disc behind it.
+        commands.entity(parent).insert(BackgroundColor(ACCENT_PRIMARY));
+        // Image fills the circle container; border_radius clips it to a disc.
+        commands.entity(parent).with_children(|b| {
+            b.spawn((
+                ImageNode::new(handle),
+                Node {
+                    width: Val::Px(SIZE),
+                    height: Val::Px(SIZE),
+                    border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(SIZE / 2.0)),
+                    ..default()
+                },
+            ));
+        });
+    } else {
+        let initial = settings
+            .and_then(|s| match &s.0.sync_backend {
+                SyncBackend::SolitaireServer { username, .. } => username.chars().next(),
+                SyncBackend::Local => None,
+            })
+            .and_then(|c| c.to_uppercase().next())
+            .unwrap_or('?');
+        // Real initial (logged in) keeps the red accent disc; the '?'
+        // unauthenticated fallback uses a neutral grey so it reads as a
+        // "tap to log in" affordance rather than an error.
+        let disc_bg = if initial == '?' {
+            BG_ELEVATED_HI
+        } else {
+            ACCENT_PRIMARY
+        };
+        commands.entity(parent).insert(BackgroundColor(disc_bg));
+        commands.entity(parent).with_children(|b| {
+            b.spawn((
+                Text::new(initial.to_string()),
+                TextFont {
+                    font: font_res.map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    font_size: 14.0,
+                    ..default()
+                },
+                TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY),
+            ));
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Opens the Profile overlay when the avatar button is pressed.
+pub(super) fn handle_avatar_button(
+    interaction_query: Query<&Interaction, (With<HudAvatar>, Changed<Interaction>)>,
+    mut toggle_profile: MessageWriter<ToggleProfileRequestEvent>,
+) {
+    for interaction in &interaction_query {
+        if *interaction == Interaction::Pressed {
+            toggle_profile.write(ToggleProfileRequestEvent);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Spawns the action button bar anchored to the top-right of the window.
+/// Each child is a clickable button mirroring a keyboard accelerator —
+/// per the UI-first principle (CLAUDE.md / ARCHITECTURE.md §1) the buttons
+/// are the primary entry point and the hotkeys are optional.
+///
+/// Order (left → right): Undo, Pause, Help, New Game. New Game is rightmost
+/// because it's the most consequential action; the destructive button sits
+/// on its own visual edge.
+pub(super) fn spawn_action_buttons(
+    font_res: Option<Res<FontResource>>,
+    windows: Query<&Window>,
+    mut commands: Commands,
+) {
+    let action_font_size =
+        action_bar_font_size(windows.iter().next().map_or(900.0, |win| win.width()));
+    let font = TextFont {
+        font: font_res.as_ref().map(|f| f.0.clone()).unwrap_or_default(),
+        font_size: action_font_size,
+        ..default()
+    };
+
+    // Bottom bar: full-width, centered, sits above the gesture-navigation zone.
+    // `SafeAreaAnchoredBottom` applies the correct logical-pixel inset once
+    // Android reports it (frames 1-3); initial value is 0.0.
+    commands
+        .spawn((
+            Node {
+                position_type: PositionType::Absolute,
+                bottom: Val::Px(0.0),
+                left: Val::Px(0.0),
+                width: Val::Percent(100.0),
+                flex_direction: FlexDirection::Row,
+                flex_wrap: FlexWrap::Wrap,
+                justify_content: JustifyContent::Center,
+                column_gap: ACTION_BAR_COLUMN_GAP,
+                row_gap: VAL_SPACE_2,
+                align_items: AlignItems::Center,
+                padding: UiRect {
+                    left: VAL_SPACE_3,
+                    right: VAL_SPACE_3,
+                    top: VAL_SPACE_2,
+                    bottom: VAL_SPACE_2,
+                },
+                ..default()
+            },
+            BackgroundColor(BG_HUD_BAND),
+            ZIndex(Z_HUD),
+            SafeAreaAnchoredBottom { base_bottom: 0.0 },
+            HudActionBar,
+        ))
+        .with_children(|row| {
+            // The trailing `order` argument feeds `Focusable { group: Hud, order }`
+            // so Tab cycles the action bar in visual reading order.
+            // Undo and Pause are the primary gameplay actions — full brightness.
+            // Menu, Help, Hint, Modes, New are navigation/utility — dimmed.
+            spawn_action_button(
+                row,
+                MenuButton,
+                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[0],
+                None,
+                "Open Stats, Achievements, Profile, Settings, or Leaderboard.",
+                &font,
+                0,
+                TEXT_SECONDARY,
+            );
+            spawn_action_button(
+                row,
+                UndoButton,
+                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[1],
+                Some("U"),
+                "Take back your last move. Costs points and blocks No Undo.",
+                &font,
+                1,
+                TEXT_PRIMARY,
+            );
+            spawn_action_button(
+                row,
+                PauseButton,
+                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[2],
+                Some("Esc"),
+                "Pause the game and freeze the timer.",
+                &font,
+                2,
+                TEXT_PRIMARY,
+            );
+            spawn_action_button(
+                row,
+                HelpButton,
+                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[3],
+                Some("F1"),
+                "Show controls, rules, and keyboard shortcuts.",
+                &font,
+                3,
+                TEXT_SECONDARY,
+            );
+            spawn_action_button(
+                row,
+                HintButton,
+                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[4],
+                Some("H"),
+                "Highlight a suggested move. Cycles through alternatives on repeat taps.",
+                &font,
+                4,
+                TEXT_SECONDARY,
+            );
+            spawn_action_button(
+                row,
+                ModesButton,
+                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[5],
+                None,
+                "Switch modes: Classic, Daily, Zen, Challenge, Time Attack.",
+                &font,
+                5,
+                TEXT_SECONDARY,
+            );
+            spawn_action_button(
+                row,
+                NewGameButton,
+                ACTION_BAR_LABELS[6],
+                Some("N"),
+                "Start a fresh deal. Confirms first if a game is in progress.",
+                &font,
+                6,
+                TEXT_SECONDARY,
+            );
+        });
+}
+
+/// Spawns a single action button as a child of `row`. Each button shares
+/// the same node geometry, idle colour, and `ActionButton` marker so
+/// `paint_action_buttons` can recolour all of them with one query.
+///
+/// `order` is the button's index inside the action bar (0 for the
+/// leftmost). It propagates into the [`Focusable`] this function inserts
+/// so Phase 2's keyboard focus ring cycles the HUD in visual order.
+///
+/// `tooltip` is the hover-reveal caption attached via [`Tooltip`]. Every
+/// action button ships with one — there is no opt-out — because each button
+/// represents a player-triggered action and benefits from a one-line
+/// reminder of what it does.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(super) fn spawn_action_button<M: Component>(
+    row: &mut ChildSpawnerCommands,
+    marker: M,
+    label: &str,
+    hotkey: Option<&'static str>,
+    tooltip: &'static str,
+    font: &TextFont,
+    order: i32,
+    text_color: Color,
+) {
+    // Hotkey hint chips ("U", "Esc", "F1", "N") are meaningless on a
+    // touch device — the button itself is the affordance — and they
+    // visibly clutter the narrow-viewport action row. The chevrons on
+    // Menu/Modes remain because they indicate dropdown behaviour.
+    let hotkey = if SHOW_KEYBOARD_ACCELERATORS {
+        hotkey
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    let hotkey_font = TextFont {
+        font: font.font.clone(),
+        font_size: TYPE_CAPTION,
+        ..default()
+    };
+    let (pad, min_w, min_h) = action_button_metrics();
+
+    row.spawn((
+        marker,
+        ActionButton,
+        Button,
+        Tooltip::new(tooltip),
+        Focusable {
+            group: FocusGroup::Hud,
+            order,
+        },
+        Node {
+            padding: pad,
+            min_width: min_w,
+            min_height: min_h,
+            justify_content: JustifyContent::Center,
+            align_items: AlignItems::Center,
+            border_radius: BorderRadius::all(Val::Px(RADIUS_MD)),
+            column_gap: VAL_SPACE_2,
+            ..default()
+        },
+        BackgroundColor(ACTION_BTN_IDLE),
+        BorderColor::all(BORDER_SUBTLE),
+        HighContrastBorder::with_default(BORDER_SUBTLE),
+    ))
+    .with_children(|b| {
+        spawn_action_button_label(b, label, font, text_color);
+        if let Some(key) = hotkey {
+            // Hotkey hint rendered as a dim caption next to the label —
+            // keeps the keyboard accelerator discoverable without
+            // hijacking the button's primary affordance.
+            b.spawn((Text::new(key), hotkey_font, TextColor(TEXT_SECONDARY)));
+        }
+    });
+}
+
diff --git a/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/tests.rs b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/tests.rs
index c3aaff4..ed5c9a0 100644
--- a/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/tests.rs
+++ b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use super::*;
+use crate::auto_complete_plugin::AutoCompleteState;
 use crate::game_plugin::GamePlugin;
 use crate::table_plugin::TablePlugin;
 use chrono::Local;
diff --git a/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/updates.rs b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/updates.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c9656a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/solitaire_engine/src/hud_plugin/updates.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
+//! Per-frame HUD text/typography/visibility updater systems.
+
+use super::*;
+
+use bevy::window::WindowResized;
+use solitaire_core::{Foundation, KlondikePile, Tableau};
+use solitaire_core::Suit;
+use solitaire_core::{DrawStockConfig, game_state::GameMode};
+
+use crate::auto_complete_plugin::AutoCompleteState;
+
+/// Formats a time-limit value in seconds as `"mm:ss"` for HUD display.
+///
+/// For example `format_time_limit(300)` returns `"5:00"`.
+pub fn format_time_limit(secs: u64) -> String {
+    let m = secs / 60;
+    let s = secs % 60;
+    format!("{m}:{s:02}")
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Score-change feedback (G2)
+//
+// The flow for each Update tick:
+//   1. `detect_score_change` diffs `GameStateResource.score` against
+//      `PreviousScore`. On any positive delta it inserts/refreshes
+//      `ScorePulse` on the score readout; on a delta ≥
+//      `SCORE_FLOATER_THRESHOLD` it also spawns a floating "+N" UI text
+//      anchored just below the score.
+//   2. `advance_score_pulse` ticks the pulse component, applies the
+//      triangular 1.0 → 1.1 → 1.0 scale curve, and removes the
+//      component on completion.
+//   3. `advance_score_floater` drifts each floater upward, fades it to
+//      transparent, and despawns it when its lifetime expires.
+//
+// The threshold of 50 (a foundation promotion's typical bonus) keeps
+// floaters rare and meaningful — see `SCORE_FLOATER_THRESHOLD`.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Sets the [`HudWonPreviously`] text to "✓ Won before" whenever the
+/// current deal's seed + draw_mode + mode triple matches an entry in
+/// the rolling [`ReplayHistory`]. Cleared while the active game is won
+/// (the on-screen "Game won!" cue already conveys victory) and on
+/// fresh deals the player hasn't won before.
+///
+/// Lives in its own system rather than `update_hud` to keep this
+/// orthogonal: `update_hud`'s query disambiguation is already busy
+/// enough; threading another marker through every Without filter
+/// would touch ~10 unrelated queries for no benefit.
+pub(super) fn update_won_previously(
+    game: Res<GameStateResource>,
+    // Optional because the HUD plugin's headless tests run without
+    // `StatsPlugin` and therefore without this resource. With the
+    // resource absent there's no history to compare against; the
+    // indicator just stays empty.
+    history: Option<Res<crate::stats_plugin::ReplayHistoryResource>>,
+    mut q: Query<&mut Text, With<HudWonPreviously>>,
+) {
+    let Ok(mut text) = q.single_mut() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let won_before = !game.0.is_won()
+        && history.as_ref().is_some_and(|h| {
+            h.0.replays.iter().any(|r| {
+                r.seed == game.0.seed && r.draw_mode == game.0.draw_mode() && r.mode == game.0.mode
+            })
+        });
+    let next = if won_before {
+        "\u{2713} Won before"
+    } else {
+        ""
+    };
+    if text.0 != next {
+        text.0 = next.to_string();
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity, clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(super) fn update_hud(
+    game: Res<GameStateResource>,
+    time_attack: Option<Res<TimeAttackResource>>,
+    daily: Option<Res<DailyChallengeResource>>,
+    auto_complete: Option<Res<AutoCompleteState>>,
+    mut score_q: Query<
+        &mut Text,
+        (
+            With<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+    mut moves_q: Query<
+        &mut Text,
+        (
+            With<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+    mut time_q: Query<
+        &mut Text,
+        (
+            With<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+    mut mode_q: Query<
+        &mut Text,
+        (
+            With<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+    mut challenge_q: Query<
+        (&mut Text, &mut TextColor),
+        (
+            With<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+    mut undos_q: Query<
+        (&mut Text, &mut TextColor),
+        (
+            With<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+    mut auto_q: Query<
+        &mut Text,
+        (
+            With<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+    mut recycles_q: Query<
+        &mut Text,
+        (
+            With<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+    mut draw_cycle_q: Query<
+        &mut Text,
+        (
+            With<HudDrawCycle>,
+            Without<HudScore>,
+            Without<HudMoves>,
+            Without<HudTime>,
+            Without<HudMode>,
+            Without<HudChallenge>,
+            Without<HudUndos>,
+            Without<HudAutoComplete>,
+            Without<HudRecycles>,
+            Without<HudSelection>,
+        ),
+    >,
+) {
+    let ta_active = time_attack.as_ref().is_some_and(|ta| ta.active);
+
+    // Score, moves, mode, challenge, and undos only need updating when game state changes.
+    if game.is_changed() {
+        let g = &game.0;
+        let is_zen = g.mode == GameMode::Zen;
+        if let Ok(mut t) = score_q.single_mut() {
+            // Zen mode suppresses score display per spec ("No score display").
+            **t = if is_zen {
+                String::new()
+            } else {
+                format!("Score: {}", g.score())
+            };
+        }
+        if let Ok(mut t) = moves_q.single_mut() {
+            **t = format!("Moves: {}", g.move_count());
+        }
+        if let Ok(mut t) = mode_q.single_mut() {
+            **t = match g.mode {
+                GameMode::Classic => match g.draw_mode() {
+                    DrawStockConfig::DrawOne => String::new(),
+                    DrawStockConfig::DrawThree => "Draw 3".to_string(),
+                },
+                GameMode::Zen => "ZEN".to_string(),
+                GameMode::Challenge => "CHALLENGE".to_string(),
+                GameMode::TimeAttack => "TIME ATTACK".to_string(),
+                GameMode::Difficulty(level) => level.label().to_uppercase(),
+            };
+        }
+
+        // --- Daily challenge constraint (with time-low colour warning) ---
+        if let Ok((mut t, mut color)) = challenge_q.single_mut() {
+            if g.is_won() {
+                **t = String::new();
+            } else if let Some(dc) = daily.as_deref() {
+                **t = challenge_hud_text(dc);
+                if let Some(max_secs) = dc.max_time_secs {
+                    let remaining = max_secs.saturating_sub(g.elapsed_seconds);
+                    *color = TextColor(challenge_time_color(remaining));
+                }
+            } else {
+                **t = String::new();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // --- Undo count ---
+        if let Ok((mut t, mut color)) = undos_q.single_mut() {
+            let count = g.undo_count();
+            if count == 0 {
+                **t = String::new();
+                *color = TextColor(TEXT_PRIMARY);
+            } else {
+                **t = format!("Undos: {count}");
+                // STATE_WARNING signals "you took a penalty" — same hue
+                // as the Recycles counter so they read as one category.
+                *color = TextColor(STATE_WARNING);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // --- Recycle counter (both modes, hidden until first recycle) ---
+        if let Ok(mut t) = recycles_q.single_mut() {
+            **t = if g.recycle_count() > 0 {
+                format!("Recycles: {}", g.recycle_count())
+            } else {
+                String::new()
+            };
+        }
+
+        // --- Draw-cycle indicator (Draw-Three mode only) ---
+        if let Ok(mut t) = draw_cycle_q.single_mut() {
+            **t = if g.is_won() || g.draw_mode() != DrawStockConfig::DrawThree {
+                // Hide when not in Draw-Three or after the game is won.
+                String::new()
+            } else {
+                let stock_len = g.stock_cards().len();
+                let next_draw = stock_len.min(3);
+                format!("Cycle: {next_draw}/3")
+            };
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Time display: show Time Attack countdown every frame when active;
+    // Zen mode suppresses the timer per spec ("No timer") — cleared unconditionally
+    // every frame so it disappears immediately on the frame Z is pressed.
+    // Otherwise show game elapsed time (updates once per second via game.is_changed()).
+    let is_zen = game.0.mode == GameMode::Zen;
+    let update_time = (ta_active || game.is_changed()) && !is_zen;
+    if update_time {
+        if let Ok(mut t) = time_q.single_mut() {
+            if let Some(ta) = time_attack.as_ref().filter(|ta| ta.active) {
+                let remaining = ta.remaining_secs.max(0.0) as u64;
+                let m = remaining / 60;
+                let s = remaining % 60;
+                **t = format!("{m}:{s:02}");
+            } else {
+                let secs = game.0.elapsed_seconds;
+                let m = secs / 60;
+                let s = secs % 60;
+                **t = format!("{m}:{s:02}");
+            }
+        }
+    } else if is_zen {
+        // Clear the time display immediately whenever Zen mode is active —
+        // do not guard on game.is_changed() so it clears on the same frame
+        // the player presses Z, before any move is made.
+        if let Ok(mut t) = time_q.single_mut() {
+            **t = String::new();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- Auto-complete badge ---
+    // Reflects the AutoCompleteState resource; update whenever it changes or game changes.
+    let ac_active = auto_complete.as_ref().is_some_and(|ac| ac.active);
+    let ac_changed = auto_complete.as_ref().is_some_and(|ac| ac.is_changed());
+    if (ac_changed || game.is_changed())
+        && let Ok(mut t) = auto_q.single_mut()
+    {
+        **t = if ac_active {
+            "AUTO".to_string()
+        } else {
+            String::new()
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+/// Updates the `HudSelection` text node to show which pile is Tab-selected.
+///
+/// Displays `"▶ {pile_name}"` while `SelectionState::selected_pile` is `Some`,
+/// or an empty string when no pile is selected. Runs every frame so the
+/// indicator stays in sync with the selection resource.
+pub(super) fn update_selection_hud(
+    selection: Option<Res<SelectionState>>,
+    game: Option<Res<GameStateResource>>,
+    mut q: Query<&mut Text, With<HudSelection>>,
+) {
+    let Ok(mut t) = q.single_mut() else { return };
+    let label = match selection.as_deref().and_then(|s| s.selected_pile.as_ref()) {
+        None => String::new(),
+        Some(KlondikePile::Stock) => "▶ Waste".to_string(),
+        Some(KlondikePile::Foundation(slot)) => match game.as_deref() {
+            Some(g) => foundation_selection_label(*slot, &g.0),
+            // No game resource means we can't probe claimed_suit; show the
+            // slot-based placeholder so the HUD still surfaces the selection.
+            None => format!("▶ Foundation {}", foundation_number(*slot)),
+        },
+        Some(KlondikePile::Tableau(idx)) => format!("▶ Column {}", tableau_number(*idx)),
+    };
+    **t = label;
+}
+
+/// Returns the HUD selection label for a foundation slot.
+///
+/// When the slot has a claimed suit (any card has landed) the announcement is
+/// "▶ {Suit} Foundation"; while the slot is empty it falls back to a
+/// "▶ Foundation N" placeholder labelled by the 1-based slot index.
+pub(super) fn foundation_selection_label(
+    slot: Foundation,
+    game: &solitaire_core::game_state::GameState,
+) -> String {
+    let claimed = game
+        .pile(KlondikePile::Foundation(slot))
+        .first()
+        .map(|c| c.0.suit());
+    match claimed {
+        Some(suit) => {
+            let s = match suit {
+                Suit::Clubs => "Clubs",
+                Suit::Diamonds => "Diamonds",
+                Suit::Hearts => "Hearts",
+                Suit::Spades => "Spades",
+            };
+            format!("▶ {s} Foundation")
+        }
+        None => format!("▶ Foundation {}", foundation_number(slot)),
+    }
+}
+
+const fn foundation_number(foundation: Foundation) -> u8 {
+    match foundation {
+        Foundation::Foundation1 => 1,
+        Foundation::Foundation2 => 2,
+        Foundation::Foundation3 => 3,
+        Foundation::Foundation4 => 4,
+    }
+}
+
+const fn tableau_number(tableau: Tableau) -> u8 {
+    match tableau {
+        Tableau::Tableau1 => 1,
+        Tableau::Tableau2 => 2,
+        Tableau::Tableau3 => 3,
+        Tableau::Tableau4 => 4,
+        Tableau::Tableau5 => 5,
+        Tableau::Tableau6 => 6,
+        Tableau::Tableau7 => 7,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fires `InfoToastEvent("Auto-completing...")` exactly once each time
+/// `AutoCompleteState` transitions from inactive to active. Uses a `Local<bool>`
+/// to debounce so the toast only appears on the leading edge.
+pub(super) fn announce_auto_complete(
+    auto_complete: Option<Res<AutoCompleteState>>,
+    mut toast: MessageWriter<InfoToastEvent>,
+    mut was_active: Local<bool>,
+) {
+    let now_active = auto_complete.as_ref().is_some_and(|ac| ac.active);
+    if now_active && !*was_active {
+        toast.write(InfoToastEvent("Auto-completing...".to_string()));
+    }
+    *was_active = now_active;
+}
+
+/// Builds the HUD text for the active daily challenge constraints.
+///
+/// Returns `"Limit: mm:ss"` when a time limit is set, `"Goal: N pts"` when a
+/// score target is set, or an empty string when the challenge has no extra
+/// constraints.
+pub(super) fn challenge_hud_text(dc: &DailyChallengeResource) -> String {
+    if let Some(secs) = dc.max_time_secs {
+        format!("Limit: {}", format_time_limit(secs))
+    } else if let Some(score) = dc.target_score {
+        format!("Goal: {score} pts")
+    } else {
+        String::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the colour for the challenge time-limit HUD label based on
+/// seconds remaining. Uses theme tokens so the urgency ramp picks up
+/// palette changes for free.
+///
+/// | Remaining   | Token            |
+/// |-------------|------------------|
+/// | ≥ 60 s      | `STATE_INFO`     |
+/// | 30 – 59 s   | `STATE_WARNING`  |
+/// | < 30 s      | `STATE_DANGER`   |
+pub fn challenge_time_color(remaining: u64) -> Color {
+    if remaining < 30 {
+        STATE_DANGER
+    } else if remaining < 60 {
+        STATE_WARNING
+    } else {
+        STATE_INFO
+    }
+}
+
+/// Scales HUD Tier-1 font sizes to fit a narrow viewport.
+///
+/// Fires on every `WindowResized` event. Below 480 logical pixels wide the
+/// score drops from `TYPE_HEADLINE` (26 px) to `TYPE_BODY_LG` (18 px) and the
+/// Moves/Timer labels drop from `TYPE_BODY_LG` to `TYPE_CAPTION` (11 px), so
+/// all three items remain on one row inside the 50 %-wide HUD column
+/// (≈ 180 dp on a 360 dp phone).  At ≥ 480 px the original sizes are
+/// restored so desktop/tablet layouts are unaffected.
+type HudScoreFont<'w, 's> =
+    Query<'w, 's, &'static mut TextFont, (With<HudScore>, Without<HudMoves>, Without<HudTime>)>;
+type HudMovesFont<'w, 's> =
+    Query<'w, 's, &'static mut TextFont, (With<HudMoves>, Without<HudScore>, Without<HudTime>)>;
+type HudTimeFont<'w, 's> =
+    Query<'w, 's, &'static mut TextFont, (With<HudTime>, Without<HudScore>, Without<HudMoves>)>;
+
+pub(super) fn update_hud_typography(
+    mut events: MessageReader<WindowResized>,
+    mut score_q: HudScoreFont,
+    mut moves_q: HudMovesFont,
+    mut time_q: HudTimeFont,
+) {
+    let Some(ev) = events.read().last() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let (score_size, secondary_size) = if ev.width < 480.0 {
+        (TYPE_BODY_LG, TYPE_CAPTION)
+    } else {
+        (TYPE_HEADLINE, TYPE_BODY_LG)
+    };
+    for mut font in &mut score_q {
+        font.font_size = score_size;
+    }
+    for mut font in &mut moves_q {
+        font.font_size = secondary_size;
+    }
+    for mut font in &mut time_q {
+        font.font_size = secondary_size;
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn apply_hud_visibility(
+    hud_vis: Res<HudVisibility>,
+    mut action_bar: Query<&mut Visibility, With<HudActionBar>>,
+) {
+    if !hud_vis.is_changed() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let v = if *hud_vis == HudVisibility::Visible {
+        Visibility::Visible
+    } else {
+        Visibility::Hidden
+    };
+    for mut vis in &mut action_bar {
+        *vis = v;
+    }
+    // The bottom action bar is a pure overlay — it does not claim any
+    // space in the card layout, so no WindowResized event is needed.
+}
+
+pub(super) fn restore_hud_on_modal(
+    new_scrims: Query<(), (With<ModalScrim>, Added<ModalScrim>)>,
+    mut hud_vis: ResMut<HudVisibility>,
+) {
+    if !new_scrims.is_empty() {
+        *hud_vis = HudVisibility::Visible;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the action-bar label font size for a given logical window width.
+pub(super) fn action_bar_font_size(window_width: f32) -> f32 {
+    if USE_TOUCH_UI_LAYOUT {
+        // Seven word-labels ("Menu","Undo","Pause","Help","Hint","Mode","New")
+        // must share one row. The widest characters are in FiraMono (a
+        // monospace whose advance is ~0.62 of the font size). On a 900
+        // logical-px phone the row budget after bar padding (2*12) and six
+        // 4 px column gaps is ~852 px for ~28 label chars + 7*2*3 px button
+        // padding. Solving 28*0.62*size + 42 <= 852 gives size <= ~46, so the
+        // labels are advance-bound only on very narrow viewports; the real
+        // constraint is legibility, not fit. ~1/60 of the width yields ~15 px
+        // at 900 px — comfortably one row with margin to spare — clamped so it
+        // never drops below the 12 px legibility floor or grows past 18 px on
+        // landscape tablets where it would crowd the row again.
+        (window_width / 60.0).clamp(12.0, 18.0)
+    } else {
+        TYPE_BODY
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn action_button_metrics() -> (UiRect, Val, Val) {
+    if USE_TOUCH_UI_LAYOUT {
+        // Tight 3 px horizontal padding (down from 4) trims 14 px off the row
+        // total across 7 buttons, and a 44 px min_width (down from 52) lets the
+        // shortest labels ("New", "Help") shrink to their text rather than
+        // padding the row out past the 900 logical-px viewport. min_height
+        // stays at 44 px to preserve the comfortable touch target.
+        (
+            UiRect::axes(Val::Px(3.0), Val::Px(4.0)),
+            Val::Px(44.0),
+            Val::Px(44.0),
+        )
+    } else {
+        (
+            UiRect::axes(VAL_SPACE_2, VAL_SPACE_2),
+            Val::Px(48.0),
+            Val::Px(48.0),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn spawn_action_button_label(
+    parent: &mut ChildSpawnerCommands,
+    label: &str,
+    font: &TextFont,
+    text_color: Color,
+) {
+    if USE_TOUCH_UI_LAYOUT {
+        parent.spawn((
+            ActionButtonLabel,
+            Text::new(label),
+            font.clone(),
+            TextColor(text_color),
+        ));
+    } else {
+        parent.spawn((Text::new(label), font.clone(), TextColor(text_color)));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resizes the glyph text inside every [`ActionButtonLabel`] to match the
+/// current viewport width whenever [`LayoutResource`] changes (orientation
+/// change or window resize).
+#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
+pub(super) fn resize_action_bar_labels(
+    layout: Res<crate::layout::LayoutResource>,
+    windows: Query<&Window>,
+    mut labels: Query<&mut TextFont, With<ActionButtonLabel>>,
+) {
+    let w = windows
+        .iter()
+        .next()
+        .map_or(layout.0.card_size.x * 7.25, |win| win.width());
+    let new_size = action_bar_font_size(w);
+    for mut font in &mut labels {
+        font.font_size = new_size;
+    }
+}
+