diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e20da57..64361ce 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@ version = "1.0.102"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7f202df86484c868dbad7eaa557ef785d5c66295e41b460ef922eca0723b842c"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrayvec"
+version = "0.7.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7c02d123df017efcdfbd739ef81735b36c5ba83ec3c59c80a9d7ecc718f92e50"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "2.11.1"
@@ -18,6 +24,7 @@ checksum = "c4512299f36f043ab09a583e57bceb5a5aab7a73db1805848e8fef3c9e8c78b3"
 name = "card_game"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
  "rand",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3c34404..21ea8fe 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
+arrayvec = "0.7.6"
 rand = { version = "0.10.1", default-features = false, features = ["thread_rng"] }
diff --git a/src/card_game.rs b/src/card_game.rs
index 69d7fac..f24a9ac 100644
--- a/src/card_game.rs
+++ b/src/card_game.rs
@@ -101,14 +101,16 @@ impl Card {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Stack(Vec<Card>);
-impl Stack {
+pub struct Stack<const CAP: usize>(arrayvec::ArrayVec<Card, CAP>);
+impl<const CAP: usize> Stack<CAP> {
 	pub fn new() -> Self {
-		Self(Vec::new())
+		Self(arrayvec::ArrayVec::new())
 	}
+}
+impl Stack<52> {
 	/// Generate a full deck of cards with the specified deck id.
-	pub fn full_deck(deck: u8) -> Stack {
-		let mut stack = Vec::with_capacity(52);
+	pub fn full_deck(deck: u8) -> Self {
+		let mut stack = arrayvec::ArrayVec::new();
 		for suit in Suit::SUITS {
 			for value in 1..=13 {
 				stack.push(Card::new(deck, suit, CardValue(value)));
@@ -117,36 +119,43 @@ impl Stack {
 		Stack(stack)
 	}
 }
-impl From<Vec<Card>> for Stack {
-	fn from(value: Vec<Card>) -> Self {
+impl<const CAP: usize> From<arrayvec::ArrayVec<Card, CAP>> for Stack<CAP> {
+	fn from(value: arrayvec::ArrayVec<Card, CAP>) -> Self {
 		Self(value)
 	}
 }
-impl std::ops::Deref for Stack {
-	type Target = Vec<Card>;
+impl<const CAP: usize> std::ops::Deref for Stack<CAP> {
+	type Target = arrayvec::ArrayVec<Card, CAP>;
 	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
 		&self.0
 	}
 }
-impl std::ops::DerefMut for Stack {
+impl<const CAP: usize> std::ops::DerefMut for Stack<CAP> {
 	fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
 		&mut self.0
 	}
 }
+impl<const CAP: usize> IntoIterator for Stack<CAP> {
+	type Item = Card;
+	type IntoIter = arrayvec::IntoIter<Card, CAP>;
+	fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+		self.0.into_iter()
+	}
+}
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Pile {
-	face_down: Stack,
-	face_up: Stack,
+pub struct Pile<const CAP: usize> {
+	face_down: Stack<CAP>,
+	face_up: Stack<CAP>,
 }
-impl Pile {
+impl<const CAP: usize> Pile<CAP> {
 	pub fn new() -> Self {
 		Self {
 			face_down: Stack::new(),
 			face_up: Stack::new(),
 		}
 	}
-	pub fn new_face_down(stack: Stack) -> Self {
+	pub fn new_face_down(stack: Stack<CAP>) -> Self {
 		Self {
 			face_down: stack,
 			face_up: Stack::new(),
diff --git a/src/klondike.rs b/src/klondike.rs
index 87ee6ac..6d6014c 100644
--- a/src/klondike.rs
+++ b/src/klondike.rs
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ impl KlondikeInstruction {
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
 struct KlondikeState {
-	piles: [Pile; 13],
+	piles: [Pile<13>; 13],
 }
 impl KlondikeState {
-	fn pile(&self, index: KlondikePileId) -> &Pile {
+	fn pile(&self, index: KlondikePileId) -> &Pile<13> {
 		&self.piles[index as usize]
 	}
-	fn pile_mut(&mut self, index: KlondikePileId) -> &mut Pile {
+	fn pile_mut(&mut self, index: KlondikePileId) -> &mut Pile<13> {
 		&mut self.piles[index as usize]
 	}
 	fn is_instruction_valid(&self, instruction: KlondikeInstruction) -> bool {
@@ -187,18 +187,18 @@ impl Klondike {
 		let mut deck = Stack::full_deck(0);
 		use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
 		deck.shuffle(&mut seed);
+		let mut deck = deck.into_iter();
 
 		// generate tableaus
 		let [t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7] = core::array::from_fn(|i| {
-			let remaining = deck.split_off(i).into();
-			let stack = core::mem::replace(&mut deck, remaining);
+			let stack = arrayvec::ArrayVec::from_iter((&mut deck).take(i)).into();
 			let mut pile = Pile::new_face_down(stack);
-			pile.push(deck.pop().unwrap());
+			pile.push(deck.next().unwrap());
 			pile
 		});
 
 		// stock is remaining cards
-		let stock = Pile::new_face_down(deck);
+		let stock = Pile::new_face_down(arrayvec::ArrayVec::from_iter(deck).into());
 
 		let state = KlondikeState {
 			piles: [
@@ -220,11 +220,11 @@ impl Klondike {
 		Self { config, state }
 	}
 	#[inline]
-	pub fn pile(&self, index: KlondikePileId) -> &Pile {
+	pub fn pile(&self, index: KlondikePileId) -> &Pile<13> {
 		self.state.pile(index)
 	}
 	#[inline]
-	fn pile_mut(&mut self, index: KlondikePileId) -> &mut Pile {
+	fn pile_mut(&mut self, index: KlondikePileId) -> &mut Pile<13> {
 		self.state.pile_mut(index)
 	}
 }