diff --git a/klondike-bench/src/main.rs b/klondike-bench/src/main.rs
index 611efa5..7f61c66 100644
--- a/klondike-bench/src/main.rs
+++ b/klondike-bench/src/main.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ fn play_to_win(rng: &mut Rng) -> Option<KlondikeStats> {
 			return None;
 		}
 
-		game.process_instruction(&mut stats, &CONFIG, instruction);
+		game.stage_instruction(&mut stats, &CONFIG, instruction)
+			.unwrap()
+			.commit();
 	}
 	game.is_win().then_some(stats)
 }
diff --git a/klondike-cli/src/main.rs b/klondike-cli/src/main.rs
index 60c3740..faee0e5 100644
--- a/klondike-cli/src/main.rs
+++ b/klondike-cli/src/main.rs
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ fn find_valid_instruction(
 						});
 						let instruction =
 							KlondikeInstruction::DstTableau(DstTableau { tableau, src });
-						if state.is_instruction_valid(config, instruction) {
+						if state.is_instruction_valid(config, &instruction) {
 							return Some(instruction);
 						}
 					}
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn find_valid_instruction(
 		_ => return None,
 	};
 	state
-		.is_instruction_valid(config, instruction)
+		.is_instruction_valid(config, &instruction)
 		.then_some(instruction)
 }
 
@@ -277,13 +277,16 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
 					.state()
 					.get_auto_move(&session.config().inner)
 				{
-					session.process_instruction(instruction);
+					session.stage_instruction(instruction).unwrap().commit();
 				} else {
 					println!("No valid moves!");
 				}
 			}
 			SessionInstruction::Stock => {
-				session.process_instruction(KlondikeInstruction::RotateStock)
+				session
+					.stage_instruction(KlondikeInstruction::RotateStock)
+					.unwrap()
+					.commit();
 			}
 			SessionInstruction::Klondike(naive_instruction) => {
 				if let Some(instruction) = find_valid_instruction(
@@ -291,7 +294,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
 					session.state().state(),
 					naive_instruction,
 				) {
-					session.process_instruction(instruction);
+					session.stage_instruction(instruction).unwrap().commit();
 				} else {
 					println!("Invalid move!");
 				}
diff --git a/klondike/README.md b/klondike/README.md
index 1cd8cd3..a86c762 100644
--- a/klondike/README.md
+++ b/klondike/README.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ let mut session = Session::new_default(game);
 
 // play game a bit
 while let Some(instruction) = session.state().state().get_auto_move(&config) {
-	session.process_instruction(instruction);
+	session.stage_instruction(instruction).unwrap().commit();
 
 	// quit after 200 moves or win
 	if session.is_win() || 200 < session.stats().stats().moves() {
diff --git a/klondike/src/lib.rs b/klondike/src/lib.rs
index e8c2698..67dd402 100644
--- a/klondike/src/lib.rs
+++ b/klondike/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 pub type Rng = rand::rngs::StdRng;
 
-use card_game::{Card, Game, Pile, Rank, Stack};
+use card_game::{Card, Game, InstructionConsumer, Pile, Rank, Stack, StagedInstruction};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ impl KlondikeState {
 	pub fn is_instruction_valid(
 		&self,
 		config: &KlondikeConfig,
-		instruction: KlondikeInstruction,
+		instruction: &KlondikeInstruction,
 	) -> bool {
 		match instruction {
 			// Stock -> Stock draws a card or resets the stock
@@ -830,54 +830,11 @@ impl Game for Klondike {
 		let state = self.state.clone();
 		let config = config.clone();
 		KlondikeIter::new()
-			.filter(move |&instruction| state.is_instruction_valid(&config, instruction))
+			.filter(move |instruction| state.is_instruction_valid(&config, instruction))
 	}
-	fn is_instruction_valid(&self, config: &Self::Config, instruction: Self::Instruction) -> bool {
+	fn is_instruction_valid(&self, config: &Self::Config, instruction: &Self::Instruction) -> bool {
 		self.state.is_instruction_valid(config, instruction)
 	}
-	fn process_instruction(
-		&mut self,
-		stats: &mut Self::Stats,
-		config: &Self::Config,
-		instruction: Self::Instruction,
-	) {
-		stats.increment_moves();
-		match instruction {
-			// Reset the stock if it's empty
-			KlondikeInstruction::RotateStock => {
-				if self.state.stock.face_down().is_empty() {
-					self.state.stock.flip_it_and_reverse_it();
-					stats.increment_recycle_count();
-				} else {
-					for _ in 0..config.draw_stock as usize {
-						self.state.stock.flip_up();
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			// Move a card from anywhere to a foundation
-			KlondikeInstruction::DstFoundation(DstFoundation { src, foundation }) => {
-				stats.increment_move_to_foundation();
-				let (card, did_flip_up) = self.state.take_top_card_flip_up(src);
-				if did_flip_up {
-					stats.increment_flip_up_bonus();
-				}
-				self.state.extend_foundation(foundation, card);
-			}
-			// Move a stack of cards from anywhere to a tableau
-			KlondikeInstruction::DstTableau(DstTableau { src, tableau }) => {
-				match src {
-					KlondikePileStack::Stock => stats.increment_move_to_tableau(),
-					KlondikePileStack::Foundation(_) => stats.increment_move_from_foundation(),
-					KlondikePileStack::Tableau(_) => {}
-				}
-				let (cards, did_flip_up) = self.state.take_stack_flip_up(src);
-				if did_flip_up {
-					stats.increment_flip_up_bonus();
-				}
-				self.state.extend_tableau(tableau, cards);
-			}
-		}
-	}
 	fn is_win(&self) -> bool {
 		// all foundations contain all ranks
 		self.state.foundations.iter().all(|foundation| {
@@ -889,6 +846,47 @@ impl Game for Klondike {
 		})
 	}
 }
+impl InstructionConsumer for Klondike {
+	fn process_instruction(valid_instruction: StagedInstruction<'_, Self>) {
+		let (game, stats, config, instruction) = valid_instruction.consume();
+		stats.increment_moves();
+		match instruction {
+			// Reset the stock if it's empty
+			KlondikeInstruction::RotateStock => {
+				if game.state.stock.face_down().is_empty() {
+					game.state.stock.flip_it_and_reverse_it();
+					stats.increment_recycle_count();
+				} else {
+					for _ in 0..config.draw_stock as usize {
+						game.state.stock.flip_up();
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// Move a card from anywhere to a foundation
+			KlondikeInstruction::DstFoundation(DstFoundation { src, foundation }) => {
+				stats.increment_move_to_foundation();
+				let (card, did_flip_up) = game.state.take_top_card_flip_up(src);
+				if did_flip_up {
+					stats.increment_flip_up_bonus();
+				}
+				game.state.extend_foundation(foundation, card);
+			}
+			// Move a stack of cards from anywhere to a tableau
+			KlondikeInstruction::DstTableau(DstTableau { src, tableau }) => {
+				match src {
+					KlondikePileStack::Stock => stats.increment_move_to_tableau(),
+					KlondikePileStack::Foundation(_) => stats.increment_move_from_foundation(),
+					KlondikePileStack::Tableau(_) => {}
+				}
+				let (cards, did_flip_up) = game.state.take_stack_flip_up(src);
+				if did_flip_up {
+					stats.increment_flip_up_bonus();
+				}
+				game.state.extend_tableau(tableau, cards);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
 
 #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
 impl serde::Serialize for KlondikeInstruction {
diff --git a/klondike/src/test.rs b/klondike/src/test.rs
index ed8168f..1ad8c87 100644
--- a/klondike/src/test.rs
+++ b/klondike/src/test.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,10 @@ fn test_json() {
 	let solution_result = session.solve();
 	if let Ok(Some(solution)) = solution_result {
 		for snapshot in solution.clean_solution() {
-			session.process_instruction(snapshot.instruction().clone());
+			session
+				.stage_instruction(snapshot.instruction().clone())
+				.unwrap()
+				.commit();
 		}
 	}
 	let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&session).unwrap();
@@ -42,7 +45,10 @@ fn test_rmp() {
 	let solution_result = session.solve();
 	if let Ok(Some(solution)) = solution_result {
 		for snapshot in solution.clean_solution() {
-			session.process_instruction(snapshot.instruction().clone());
+			session
+				.stage_instruction(snapshot.instruction().clone())
+				.unwrap()
+				.commit();
 		}
 	}
 	let serialized = rmp_serde::to_vec(&session).unwrap();